直与德
<p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; widows: 1; text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">直与德（本文为已发表论文的开头部分，请各位师友指正）</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; widows: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">“德”为先秦文化中一个很重要的概念。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">《说文》将“德”误分为“德”“惪”两字。“德，升也。从彳惪声。”段注：“‘升’当作‘登</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">’</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">”</span><a href="https://mail.qq.com/cgi-bin/viewdocument?sid=ssyl8zC2EVFHTn0n&filename=%CA%CD%B5%C2.doc&mailid=ZL5318-_YPktXZJaCiXPwxVKFPJA79&retry=true&t=attachments_content&ef=qfunc&s=yozo#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">[①]</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">“</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">惪</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">，</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">外得于人而内得于己也。从直心。”段注：“内得于己，谓身心所自得也。外得于人</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">，</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">谓惠泽使人得之也</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">。”</span><a href="https://mail.qq.com/cgi-bin/viewdocument?sid=ssyl8zC2EVFHTn0n&filename=%CA%CD%B5%C2.doc&mailid=ZL5318-_YPktXZJaCiXPwxVKFPJA79&retry=true&t=attachments_content&ef=qfunc&s=yozo#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">[②]</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">《说文》“德</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">”字下的解释有误，“惪”字下的字义解释也不贴切，以“得”释德，</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">指德所指向的对象，因德的施加而有所得之义</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">。<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; widows: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">德由直发展而来</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">。二字上古音皆在职部。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; widows: 1; text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">直，甲骨文作</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><img width="29.899999618530273" height="21.899999618530273" src="https://mail.qq.com/cgi-bin/viewdownfile?f=94A2AAFA23ED35DBBBDE621AD99867BFBAB0010A4E54331F511602CF8029C23DF648774B507C5B406BD1B2A43AEB6B109004B2C1088B73AB52435F07B9E9588C2E760C6445AEDA45702D699FA798A32AEEC172882B4422F097DFC079440E0F9DB8F8EE8BC2B26D85&sid=ssyl8zC2EVFHTn0n"></span><a href="https://mail.qq.com/cgi-bin/viewdocument?sid=ssyl8zC2EVFHTn0n&filename=%CA%CD%B5%C2.doc&mailid=ZL5318-_YPktXZJaCiXPwxVKFPJA79&retry=true&t=attachments_content&ef=qfunc&s=yozo#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">[③]</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">。目上之竖线表视线。本义是用眼睛看、看到某物。甲骨文之后的古文字</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">中，直</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">常</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">作</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><img width="21.1200008392334" height="21.1200008392334" src="https://mail.qq.com/cgi-bin/viewdownfile?f=94A2AAFA23ED35DBBBDE621AD99867BFBAB0010A4E54331F511602CF8029C23DF648774B507C5B406BD1B2A43AEB6B109004B2C1088B73AB52435F07B9E9588C2E760C6445AEDA45702D699FA798A32AEEC172882B4422F097DFC079440E0F9D650FB46727849602&sid=ssyl8zC2EVFHTn0n"></span><a href="https://mail.qq.com/cgi-bin/viewdocument?sid=ssyl8zC2EVFHTn0n&filename=%CA%CD%B5%C2.doc&mailid=ZL5318-_YPktXZJaCiXPwxVKFPJA79&retry=true&t=attachments_content&ef=qfunc&s=yozo#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">[④]</span></a><a name="_GoBack"></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><img width="16.1299991607666" height="16.989999771118164" src="https://mail.qq.com/cgi-bin/viewdownfile?f=94A2AAFA23ED35DBBBDE621AD99867BFBAB0010A4E54331F511602CF8029C23DF648774B507C5B406BD1B2A43AEB6B109004B2C1088B73AB52435F07B9E9588C2E760C6445AEDA45702D699FA798A32AEEC172882B4422F097DFC079440E0F9D751A486BB1F413B9&sid=ssyl8zC2EVFHTn0n"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">,</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">从</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><img width="14.399999618530273" height="15.550000190734863" src="https://mail.qq.com/cgi-bin/viewdownfile?f=94A2AAFA23ED35DBBBDE621AD99867BFBAB0010A4E54331F511602CF8029C23DF648774B507C5B406BD1B2A43AEB6B109004B2C1088B73AB52435F07B9E9588C2E760C6445AEDA45702D699FA798A32AEEC172882B4422F097DFC079440E0F9D51B94BD6AD0052E6&sid=ssyl8zC2EVFHTn0n"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">，</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">从丨</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">，从目</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><img width="14.399999618530273" height="15.550000190734863" src="https://mail.qq.com/cgi-bin/viewdownfile?f=94A2AAFA23ED35DBBBDE621AD99867BFBAB0010A4E54331F511602CF8029C23DF648774B507C5B406BD1B2A43AEB6B109004B2C1088B73AB52435F07B9E9588C2E760C6445AEDA45702D699FA798A32AEEC172882B4422F097DFC079440E0F9D51B94BD6AD0052E6&sid=ssyl8zC2EVFHTn0n"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">，角落形，有隐蔽义</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><img width="14.399999618530273" height="15.550000190734863" src="https://mail.qq.com/cgi-bin/viewdownfile?f=94A2AAFA23ED35DBBBDE621AD99867BFBAB0010A4E54331F511602CF8029C23DF648774B507C5B406BD1B2A43AEB6B109004B2C1088B73AB52435F07B9E9588C2E760C6445AEDA45702D699FA798A32AEEC172882B4422F097DFC079440E0F9D51B94BD6AD0052E6&sid=ssyl8zC2EVFHTn0n"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">表未被眼睛看到，</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">丨</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">表目光。在</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">丨</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">上加点或线的指示符，表该字本义为目视、看见。<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; widows: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">目视这一动作，是视者</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">“外出”</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">“前往”对象。古文字中，很多具有</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">外出、前往</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">义的字，会加注行旁，行旁是把外出、前往</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">这一含义从字形提炼出来，</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">特别予以标示。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">比如，得，静坐在家或在某地一动不动，不会得到财物，财物是外出、走动的结果；孚有加注行旁者，行旁表俘虏是外出所得。直字字形本身已有</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">外出、</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">前往义，为突出强调该含义，在其字之</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">上，增添</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">行旁，从而造出新的字体——徝，<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; widows: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">“前往”、“施加”引申出关照，又引申出得到。<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; widows: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">眼睛看某物，视者与物形成相对应的态势，由此引申出面对，相当，应当，价值等含义。相比较诸如省、临、相、监、眔等其他表目视的字，直有专意于某一单一对象的意思，故而引申出特意、故意，只是、仅仅等含义。<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; widows: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">直表专意于某一单一对象，相比其他表目视之字，视线单一为直字一大特色。在表笔直义时直具有明显的比较优势，因之被用来表笔直义。从笔直引申出直接，径直以及抽象意义上的正直、公正等含义。<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; widows: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">“心不在焉,视而不见,听而不闻,食而不知其味。”</span><a href="https://mail.qq.com/cgi-bin/viewdocument?sid=ssyl8zC2EVFHTn0n&filename=%CA%CD%B5%C2.doc&mailid=ZL5318-_YPktXZJaCiXPwxVKFPJA79&retry=true&t=attachments_content&ef=qfunc&s=yozo#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">[⑤]</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">目视、耳闻等是心在起作用。在直与徝中加入心符，</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">是在强调德与心相关。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">德的正式产生，当以心符的出现为标志</span><a href="https://mail.qq.com/cgi-bin/viewdocument?sid=ssyl8zC2EVFHTn0n&filename=%CA%CD%B5%C2.doc&mailid=ZL5318-_YPktXZJaCiXPwxVKFPJA79&retry=true&t=attachments_content&ef=qfunc&s=yozo#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">[⑥]</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">。在此之前，直字已有关照义。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">从汉字的演变规律来推测，在西周</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">，</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">直逐渐不再有关照义，而改由</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">德</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">承担，直将这一含义转注给了德。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; widows: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">古文字中，往</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">往不区分动作的发出者和接受者。同一字既可表施者，也可表受者，《类</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">篇》“德，施也。”</span><a href="https://mail.qq.com/cgi-bin/viewdocument?sid=ssyl8zC2EVFHTn0n&filename=%CA%CD%B5%C2.doc&mailid=ZL5318-_YPktXZJaCiXPwxVKFPJA79&retry=true&t=attachments_content&ef=qfunc&s=yozo#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">[⑦]</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">“德者，得也。”</span><a href="https://mail.qq.com/cgi-bin/viewdocument?sid=ssyl8zC2EVFHTn0n&filename=%CA%CD%B5%C2.doc&mailid=ZL5318-_YPktXZJaCiXPwxVKFPJA79&retry=true&t=attachments_content&ef=qfunc&s=yozo#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">[⑧]</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">德</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">，于发出者而言为“施”，于接受者而言为“得”从中引申出了恩惠和感恩。“得其天性谓之德。”</span><a href="https://mail.qq.com/cgi-bin/viewdocument?sid=ssyl8zC2EVFHTn0n&filename=%CA%CD%B5%C2.doc&mailid=ZL5318-_YPktXZJaCiXPwxVKFPJA79&retry=true&t=attachments_content&ef=qfunc&s=yozo#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">[⑨]</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">先秦时人认为，物由于得到了“帝”、“天”、“道”这一类造物者和主宰者的投注和认可而获得了存在，换言之，物由于“帝”、“天”、“道”之“德”（施）而生，其“德”（得）即是其“天性”。人的品行是其天性的体现，德又引申出品行义，<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; widows: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">古文字中，省、临、相、监、眔、望、见等也为表目视的字。<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; widows: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">省，目光指向琐碎的草一类的对象，省的对象不是明显地出现在眼前，而是需要仔细查看才能发现。相，目光指向树木一类的显形清晰对象。临与监，皆表俯视。望，视向远方。见，表看见，字形比直复杂，没有写出视线，表目视的含义不及直字明显。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">“</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">眔，目相及也。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">”</span><a href="https://mail.qq.com/cgi-bin/viewdocument?sid=ssyl8zC2EVFHTn0n&filename=%CA%CD%B5%C2.doc&mailid=ZL5318-_YPktXZJaCiXPwxVKFPJA79&retry=true&t=attachments_content&ef=qfunc&s=yozo#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">[⑩]</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">从目光指向对象，二者发生联系，引申为连词“和”。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; widows: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">临、相、直，皆能表碰上、面对，相引申出一方对另一方或双方互对的含义，临有靠近义，相有帮助义，望、省有探望义，相、临、监有监视、治理、统治的含义，眔有并列义。从这些含义可看出，目视这一动作可用来表示与对象发生联系，有将自己施加于对方之意。<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; widows: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">综上，</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">德</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">由直字而非其他表目视或其他表与对象发生联系的字发展而来，有以下几个原因：<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; widows: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">目视代表着感官</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">与外界想交接。之所以选择目视，是因为人主要是以眼睛来与外界交流</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">；<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; widows: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">直专意于某一单一对象，用心于对象的含义突出；<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; widows: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">直为纯粹表目视之字，没有着特定的动作和对象；<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; widows: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">仅以目与视线来表示，字形简单，表意清晰，读写方便；<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; widows: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">故而，直字从表前往的目视字中胜出，</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">被加入心符，另成专字，</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">来表示“关照、得到</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">”等含义。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; widows: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="text-indent: 24pt; font-size: 12pt;">商卜辞中，直与其繁体</span><span style="text-indent: 24pt; font-size: 12pt;">徝</span><span style="text-indent: 24pt; font-size: 12pt;">用法相同，皆能表关照、得到，二者都不能读为德。商卜辞中并无德字。</span></p>
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</p> 怎么无人留言？？？ 德行于心，形成潜意识了，表达形成规律，形成日常 将自然规律直观化，日常化，更合理化 登升，表达日新其德，其实德即日新 如练车，慢慢练习，熟能生巧，掌握技能规律更多，转化为自己的能力，这种能力是潜化于身体与意识协调上 如练车，慢慢练习，熟能生巧，掌握技能规律更多，转化为自己的能力，这种能力是潜化于身体与意识协调上 德，是有一种更高追求更文明追求，然后才有磨合中找到规律和为人处事方法
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