说甲骨文“屯”及其“半”之数
本帖最后由 xzjgw 于 2014-10-20 13:45 编辑 <br /><br /><div style="LAYOUT-GRID:15.6pt none"><p style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0cm; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">说甲骨文“屯”及其“半”之数</span></p>
<p style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0cm; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><a target="_blank" href="http://blog.photo.sina.com.cn/showpic.html#url=http://album.sina.com.cn/pic/001aXjGOzy6MXmfZl2Afc"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><img height="117" width="59" border="0" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/10/20/20141020122953919001.png"></span></a><br>
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">甲骨文屯从<span>\(</span>一）交于肉之下会意，肉者，亦厶（◇）也，与四围之菱形◇及□形类同，《清华简》之数字卦画<span><a target="_blank" href="http://blog.photo.sina.com.cn/showpic.html#url=http://album.sina.com.cn/pic/001aXjGOzy6MXlsfkUs64"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><img height="22" width="39" border="0" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/10/20/20141020122953776002.jpg"></span></a></span>，即以□形表四之数。后世“四”字形，即以八在□内会意，表分□之数为四。</span></p>
<p style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0cm; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><a target="_blank" href="http://blog.photo.sina.com.cn/showpic.html#url=http://album.sina.com.cn/pic/001aXjGOzy6MXlXoAS1b5"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><img height="101" width="67" border="0" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/10/20/20141020122953940003.png"></span></a><br>
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">厶（◇）或□者，乃一整体观念，数之一也，甲骨文日，星所从，星者，日所孳生也。故厶者，可寓生物之种或动物之子。甲骨文私所从，即表禾之实，甲骨文豚所从，即表豕之子。分其半则两之，一之所分，数之二也，甲骨文公所从，平分其厶者为公。</span></p>
<p style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0cm; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><a target="_blank" href="http://blog.photo.sina.com.cn/showpic.html#url=http://album.sina.com.cn/pic/001aXjGOzy6MXlJ9bva60"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><img height="71" width="45" border="0" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/10/20/20141020122954055004.png"></span></a></span></p>
<p style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0cm; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">厶（◇）之半者，）形，亦八之所从。故可耦合之，甲骨文肉即从“（”“）”左右耦合之会意，亦可写作侧口，甲骨文祭，多从之。其简为丨）会意，甲骨文夕，月如此，再简为入，半肉也，甲骨文俎，昔从之。皆肉之类同观念。</span></p>
<p style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0cm; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><a target="_blank" href="http://blog.photo.sina.com.cn/showpic.html#url=http://album.sina.com.cn/pic/001aXjGOzy6MXlHUzku92"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><img height="65" width="47" border="0" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/10/20/20141020122954955005.png"></span></a></span></p>
<p style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0cm; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">“）”者，胖也，肉之半。“）”与“入”类同，故俎之所从仌者，二入之重，入者，亦肉之半。甲骨文俎有从二菱形之仌者，即二厶之重。皆类同之观念。</span></p>
<p style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0cm; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><a target="_blank" href="http://blog.photo.sina.com.cn/showpic.html#url=http://album.sina.com.cn/pic/001aXjGOzy6MXm9iodJb3"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><img height="105" width="51" border="0" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/10/20/20141020122954829006.png"></span></a><br>
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">故屯者，全也，成全者也。甲骨文豚从肉（厶）在豕之侧会意，所谓小豕者，以肉之成全，寓动物之成就。即豕之巳也，巳者，已成，故有“（四月）萬物見，成文章”。简单理解，如果以十数为万物成长之规律，四为其生成长定，完整熟悉之时。故古人占卜必以其数或必尊其数，才能够悉知神示，确定行为。</span></p>
<p style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0cm; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><a target="_blank" href="http://album.sina.com.cn/pic/001aXjGOzy6MXmRxmXw0a"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><img height="107" width="55" border="0" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/10/20/20141020122954057007.png"></span></a><br>
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">以一牛可用占卜之骨析之，前有左右肩胛骨一副二骨，后有左右连体人工分开髋髂骨一副二骨，其全数为二副四骨。以一龟可用占卜之甲析之，上有背甲左右一体人工分开一副二甲，下有腹甲左右一体虽未实际分开亦同一副二甲，其全数为二副四甲。如此，因一龟之腹甲之一副二甲实际未分开，故后世以一版论之，那么，实际左右分开之背甲也应该以其左右之合以一版论之。故可区别称一龟之全数为二版四甲。</span></p>
<p style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0cm; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><a target="_blank" href="http://blog.photo.sina.com.cn/showpic.html#url=http://album.sina.com.cn/pic/001aXjGOzy6MXmxq0PVd3"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><img height="69" width="67" border="0" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/10/20/20141020122954600008.png"></span></a><br>
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">故屯者，表一牛四骨之全或一龟四甲之全。“）”者，表牛骨前后之半，即左右肩胛骨之一副或左右髋髂骨一副。表龟甲上下之半，即背甲之一版或腹甲之一版。<span><br>
<a target="_blank" href="http://album.sina.com.cn/pic/001aXjGOzy6MXnPlI269a"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><img height="127" width="165" border="0" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/10/20/20141020122954478009.jpg"></span></a><br>
</span>商人占卜，于龟之腹甲或背甲之上，皆左右对贞，由于整个背甲瓢曲，故分半以趋平之，以利钻凿灼与文字之刻写。一龟之甲，虽自然或人为将全甲可用卜甲上下分半，又将其中之一半之背甲分半，其皆属一龟之甲也。一牛之骨，虽自然或人为将全骨可用卜骨前后分半，而前后之半又分左右，其皆属一牛之骨也。</span></p>
<p style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0cm; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><a target="_blank" href="http://album.sina.com.cn/pic/001aXjGOzy6MXom6p5Hb5"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><img height="426" width="214" border="0" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/10/20/20141020122954278010.jpg"></span></a></span></p>
<p style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0cm; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">如此可知，古人占卜为求一致之灵验，每占卜一次必用一牛之骨或一龟之甲，所用对贞之卜骨或卜甲，必以一牛之一副或一龟之一版，是不可与它牛或它龟混用。即便后来不用髋髂骨或背甲，所占必使用一牛之肩胛骨或一龟之腹甲用来左右对贞，那么“屯”也应是两牛肩胛骨之数或二龟腹甲之数，故其记数方式不是以记录常规个数的方式来计算的。</span></p>
<p style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0cm; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><a target="_blank" href="http://album.sina.com.cn/pic/001aXjGOzy6MXrOO3eS96"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><img height="328" width="113" border="0" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/10/20/20141020122955209011.jpg"></span></a><br>
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">牛之髋髂骨，与龟之背甲一样，皆瓢曲不平，极为不利占卜与刻写文字，故后世少见使用。这也应该是与当时占卜物资之丰富或珍稀程度相关。在考古发现的实物及其数量等相关证据上，也能够证明这些分析判断。</span></p>
<p style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0cm; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><a target="_blank" href="http://album.sina.com.cn/pic/001aXjGOzy6MXnOKt76bc"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><img height="196" width="463" border="0" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/10/20/20141020122955035012.jpg"></span></a><br>
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">而学界唯一缺乏或者说没有的是髋髂骨的证据，勇者虽然在一些网站发布了《商代占卜用骨新发现》，当时没有得到考古界或学界及相关研究人士的应有关注或利用研究。这里需要说明和透露一下的是新发现的那块牛髂骨绝非孤例。</span></p>
<p style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0cm; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><span><a target="_blank" href="http://album.sina.com.cn/pic/001aXjGOzy6MXolvuUm36"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><img height="404" width="246" border="0" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/10/20/20141020122955373013.jpg"></span></a><br>
</span>上面这些就是利用这一新发现的商代占卜所用牛髂骨证据，所作的与甲骨文文字研究相关的一例。</p>
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<p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">另，甲骨文有</span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">習</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">字形，其卜辞</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">文义</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">亦可充分说明，前述古人占卜用骨之做法。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">按：甲骨文</span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">習</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">从羽从日会意，羽者，寓鸟之双翅，与牛相应之部位即双肩也。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><img height="285" width="326" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/10/22/20141022112003947001.png"></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">《说文解字》释</span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">習</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">：</span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">數</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">飛也。从羽从白。似入切</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 2.25pt 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">《禮·月令》鷹乃學習。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">段注：</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">引伸之義爲習孰。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 2.25pt 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">《易·坎卦》習坎。《註》習謂<font style="COLOR: #ff0000"><strong>便</strong></font>習之。《釋文》習，重也。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">《说文解字》释</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">便</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">：</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">安也。人有不便，更之。从人更。房連切</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">段注</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">：</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">古與<strong>平辨</strong>通用。毛詩：平平</span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">左右</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">。左傳：作便蕃左右。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">《说文解字》释平：</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">語平舒也。从亏从八。八，分也。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 2.25pt 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">《说文解字》释辨：</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">判也。从刀辡聲。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 2.25pt 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">《说文解字》释</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">判</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">：</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">分也。从刀半聲。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 2.25pt 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">段注：</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">朝士有判書以治則聽。注。判，</span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">半分而合者</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">。</span></p>
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