华山之狐 发表于 2014-9-19 13:12

进城与不许进城 对巾冂京就布不亳等字的重新解读

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<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;进城与不许进城</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;对巾冂京就布不亳等字的重新解读</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">一、巾、京的本义应该是进城</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(一)巾字的字形字义都不应该是佩巾。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">我对“巾”字有很大的怀疑,认为此字有些不合情理。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;首先,从字形来分析。《说文》:“巾,佩巾也。从冂,丨像系也。”那么,巾字所从的这个“冂”又是什么意思呢?</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">《说文》:覆也。从一下垂也。凡冂之屬皆从冂。莫狄切。“从一下垂”,按清代段玉裁《說文解字注》:“一者所以覆之也。覆之則四面下垂。”由此可知,从一下垂就是下垂的一字,这个下垂的一字在《说文》里用篆书写作</span><img width="21" height="26" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131105310001.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,现在写作“冖”,幂的本字,覆盖的意思。用什么覆盖?当然是“巾”。这由冡、冠、冕、冒(篆文</span><img width="23" height="29" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131105546002.png"><img width="22" height="32" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131105435003.png"><img width="20" height="30" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131105770004.png"><img width="19" height="29" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131105865005.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">)几个字可证。冡,古蒙字,蒙或覆的东西应该是巾。冠、冕、冒(帽的古字,上边不从日。)三字上面都从</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">冂,因为古时的帽子之类就是包头的巾,称作头衣或头巾。如《赤壁怀古》里周瑜所佩戴的“纶巾”据说就是用青丝带做的。后来算到了诸葛亮头上,又称诸葛巾。古代平民所戴的,一般就是一块包头巾,叫做“</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">帻</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">”</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">。像现代陕西、山西农民头顶上那块白羊肚手巾,应该是古代平民所佩戴的“幘</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">”</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">的遗存。由以上分析可知,古代的巾,就是篆书的</span><img width="21" height="26" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131105469006.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,现在的冖。《说文》所谓“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">丨像系也”的那一竖应是蛇足之笔。看一看我们现代的各种“巾”,有用什么东西“系”着的吗?再想象一下,古代的“巾”如果用什么东西“系”起来,还能够擦拭、覆盖、佩戴吗?所以从字形上看,巾字作为用来擦拭、覆盖、佩戴的“佩巾”是不合情理的。不过需要说明的是后世的冠冕之类的帽子,形制有所变化,不再像头巾包在头上那么稳当,往往要用带子系在脖子上。但这带子古时叫做缨,并且不是一根而是两根。这与巾字那一竖毫不相干。所以不可以此作为巾字中“丨像系也”的依据。</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;再从字义上来分析。从源头看,《甲骨文字典》虽然认为甲文巾字“像佩巾之形,与《说文》篆文同。”但对字义的分析是“义不明”。也就是在徐中舒先生所列举的甲骨卜辞中的巾字,根本看不出有佩巾的意思。从末流看,现代字典词典等工具书里“巾部”的字,则大多与巾字的意义相去甚远。比如说布帛,《汉典》:“</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 'Verdana'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">棉纺品和丝、麻织品的总称</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">。”布帛为大类,巾为小类,将大类的布帛归于小类的巾部是不是很荒唐呢。再比如帷帐,《汉典》:“帷幕床帐”。这与巾有什么相干?更不用说帚席之类,那就更和巾字是八竿子都打不着的了。清代学者王筠对此做过专门论述(见《古文字诂林卷七》一四八页),认为《说文》巾部的字中“从巾之正义者”“七字而已”。可见巾字从意义上来分析,也与“佩巾”之义相去甚远。</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">(二)巾字的意思应是进城。</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">那么巾字到底是什么意思呢?我的愚见,巾字应是“进”的初字,但还不是一般意义上的“进”,而是“进城”的意思。现阐述理由如下,请方家不吝批评。</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">这应该先从冂字说起。这个字在古时用得有点乱。比如《说文》。在《说文解字第五(下)》里把冂字读为古熒切,将其做了高、市、冘、央等字的部首。但在《说文解字第七(下)》却又把此字读作莫狄切,做了冠、冡、冕、冒等字的部首。典型的一女两嫁。再比如《康熙字典》。它把冂字读作涓熒切,音扃。作为部首,既收录了冋、冏等字,但同时也收录了本来从“冖”的冃、冒、冕等字。这又成了一男娶二女。可见冂字到底是读作莫狄切(</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">mi4</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">)还是读作古熒切(</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">jiong1</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">)</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">,<font face="宋体">古人并不是很清楚的,有时候用错也不是没有可能。前边我们分析巾字所从的冂(</font><font face="Verdana">mi4</font><font face="宋体">实际应是冖)本身就是巾,再在中间加一竖表示“系”了以后才是巾是没有道理的。现在我们如果把那一竖和另外一个读作古熒切(音</font><font face="Verdana">jiong1</font><font face="宋体">)的冂字放到一块</font><font face="Verdana">,</font><font face="宋体">也就是我们如果把巾字里的“冂”当做古熒切的冂来解释,这是否能讲得通呢?请看下面分析。</font></span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">先看看古熒切的冂字的意义。冂冋坰这三个字都读作<font face="Verdana">jiong1,</font><font face="宋体">意义也相同。冂,古文</font></span><img width="19" height="27" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131105935007.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">。杨树达:“愚谓</span><img width="19" height="27" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131105368008.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">乃扃之初文也。”“横画像门扃之形。”我以为杨树达所说有一定道理。冂确实具有扃(锁钥)的作用,但它并不是扃,而是城门。古时的城门有严格的门禁制度。什么时候开,什么时候关,什么人可以进,什么人不能进,是有严格规定的。可以说,锁钥是城门的主要功能。锁钥有一个义项,即指城门,如八达岭居庸关就被誉为京师之“北门锁钥”。后来锁钥从城门普及到了寻常住家的门户,于是冂字又孳乳出一个扃字。冋字里为什么有个口字?《说文》“从口,像国邑。”口即城邑。坰字又多一土字,这与城、墉、堞从土一样,城墙都是用土夯筑的。可见冂字增加一个口字和土字,意在说明其与城邑有关。还有一个“迥”字,也能够看出这一点。迥,《说文》:远也。从辵(辶)冋声。我觉得此字解作会意更有道理。辵(辶</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">chuo4</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">)表示行走,冋为城门。古时城邑很少,乡下人进城自然要走很远的路,“远”义由此而出应该是合情合理的。这样,巾字的那一竖,看做人们进城的轨迹,是不是就比较顺理成章了呢。与巾字进城之意义相近的还有两个字:“内”“市”。内,古文</span><img width="28" height="28" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131105080009.png"><img width="25" height="27" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131105909010.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">。《说文》入也,从冂入,自外而入也。其实,古文冂字里边,绝对不是一个入字。故说文解说不确。我觉得应该跟巾字那一竖表示人们行走轨迹联系起来分析。进城之前人们目的都是进城,大家同路,所以用一竖表示人们赶路的轨迹。进城以后,人们各有各的事,自然就会“各奔东西”。古今内字里边的部分,不正是表现了人们进城以后各奔东西的行动轨迹吗?有些古文内字里有个口字</span><img width="25" height="30" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131105056011.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,这使得对内字的解释平添疑惑。林义光:“古内与冏多相混……疑冏亦内字。”李学勤:“冏即是增‘口’的‘内’,可读为‘内’。”其实冂、冋本为一字,所以内字有口没口不应有别。人们不知冂、冋、坰都是城门,进城门和进家门不一样,是要经过允许的。内即允许进城、放人进城的意思,读作</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">na4<font face="宋体">。《史记·项羽本纪》“距关,无内诸侯,秦地可尽王矣”的“内”即放进的意思。所以“内”(放人进城)就是一种职业。李学勤:“什么是‘内’?《周礼》有职内,注云:‘职内,主入也</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">……</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">’”说的就是这个意思。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">市,古文</span><img width="24" height="28" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131105616012.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;</span><img width="26" height="28" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131105713013.png"><img width="40" height="26" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131105252014.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">。上从止,下从巾。止有停下来的意思,《广韵》止,停也,息也。进城以后,走到停下来的时候,市场就到了。如果不是把巾解释为进城而是解释为佩巾,那这个止字就无从解释。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(三)京与巾应该是一个字,也是进城的意思。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">以上几个例子可以说是间接证明巾字乃进城之义。下边的例子可直接证明巾字乃进城之义。这个字就是“京”。</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">京,古文</span><img width="24" height="29" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131105138015.png"><img width="21" height="31" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131106504016.png"><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">。这字的上边部分如果不知道是什么,那就看看</span><img width="19" height="30" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131106255017.png"><img width="22" height="32" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131106181018.png"><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">。学者或解作“郭”,或解作“墉”,但都是“城”<font face="Verdana">(</font><font face="宋体">古文</font></span><img width="25" height="26" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131106191019.png"><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">)<font face="宋体">的意思。这应是个象形字,能看到两边的“城楼”,应该是从城里看到的城的样子。</font></span><img width="24" height="29" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131106313020.png"><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">字则是从城外看到的城的样子,所以只能看到一半即一边的城楼,另一半不可能看到。古京字的下边是什么呢?</span><span style="TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); LETTER-SPACING: -0.9pt; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">从字形看,古文京字</span><span style="TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); LETTER-SPACING: -0.9pt; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">尤其</span><span style="TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); LETTER-SPACING: 1.15pt; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">篆文京字</span><img width="20" height="26" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131106442021.png"><span style="TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); LETTER-SPACING: -0.9pt; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">下边正是一个巾字</span><span style="TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); LETTER-SPACING: -0.9pt; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">。</span><span style="TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">宋代学者戴侗就看出了这</span><span style="TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">一</span><span style="TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); LETTER-SPACING: 1.15pt; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">点。他认为京字“从高省,巾声</span><span style="TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); LETTER-SPACING: 1.15pt; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">”。但是巾字在这里不是表声而是表意的。上边城下边巾,合在一起就是进城之义。所以巾京应该是同一个字,区别是京比巾表意更直观。需要说明的是,巾与京,现在读起来一个前鼻韵母一个后鼻韵母似乎不一样,但古时读音应该是相同的。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">这在训诂学上叫做“一声之转”。我们现在的字书中有不少这样的例子:趁(机)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">与</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">乘(机)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">筋(疲力尽)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">与</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">精(疲力尽)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">亲(人)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">与</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">亲(家)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(言无不)尽</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">与</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(水没喝)净</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">。再就是</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">有些形声字也可看出前后鼻韵母不分的情况。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">比如</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">黾</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">min3</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">)与</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">蝇</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">ying2</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">绳</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">sheng2</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">);</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">亘</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">gen4</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">)与</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">恒</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">heng2</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">);</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">凛</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">lin2</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">)与</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">禀</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">bing3</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">);拎(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">l</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">in1</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">)与令(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">l</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">ing</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">4<font face="宋体">)。</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">另外,</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">我国陕甘、江淮、云贵等不少地区方言都存在前后鼻韵母不分的情况。例如有些方言人</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">、</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">扔不分,津</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">、</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">京不分,陈</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">、</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">程不分,新</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">、</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">兴不分等等。这应该是上古社会语音的遗存。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;还有一个字,可以揭示巾字和京字的内在联系,这个字就是“就”。</span><img width="12" height="24" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131106228022.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">古文就字。学者</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">张平辙从“陕西省出土青铜器,有铭文只有四个字‘日</span><img width="15" height="29" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131106884023.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">月将</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">’</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">《诗经·周颂·敬之》作日就月将”而推出“</span><img width="15" height="29" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131106751024.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">即是就”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(《古文字诂林》五四六)。从字形看,下面从京,进城义;上面呢?根据前文分析,应该是从外面所看到的城。人们要进城,现在终于到了城跟前,这就是“就”字的意义。这样来解释,基本与就字最初的三个基本义项相契合。第一,就字有“趋向”“靠近”义。如《易</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">·乾·文言</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">》:“水流湿,火就燥。”《孟子</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">·梁惠王·上</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">》:“望之不似人君,就之而不见所畏焉。”第二,就字有“成功”义。如《诗</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">·周颂·敬之</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">》:“日就月将,学有缉熙于光明。”注意,一般说来,越是远道而来的人在即将到达目的地时所产生得那种“靠近”的感觉才会越强烈;越是长途跋涉才到达目的地的人所产生的那种“成功”的心情才会越明显。反之,路途不远抬脚就到,似乎应该不会有那种“靠近”“成功”的体会。这两个义项都说明“进城”要走很远的路,这也正与前文对“迥”字的分析相契合。第三,就字有“归于”义。如《国语</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">·齐</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">》:“处工就官府,处商就市井。”进城毕竟不是最终目的,而是来办事的。人们各有各的事,进城以后便“各奔东西”。这与前文对“内”字的分析完全一致。(以上所引见《辞源二》</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">899<font face="宋体">页“就”字义项</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">)综上所述,巾字有进城义,但还不能直接看出城的意思;京字则既有巾又有城,可直接看出进城之义;就字的几个义项则揭示了京与巾(迥、内)的内在联系。这恐怕不会是巧合吧。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(四)巾字为进的古字的补充证据。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">下边几个字挺有意思,可以佐证巾字与佩巾无关,而与进或进城有关。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><img width="25" height="28" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131106490025.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">古文</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">幃</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">字。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">《说文》囊也。从巾韋声。不知为什么许氏没有解释巾上的口字。但这个口字绝不是可有可无的</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">“赘笔”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">我读古文有一心得,为何秦汉之前的散文为文质朴,被后世尊为古文楷模,是为当时书写工具书写方法和书写成本所限也。东汉蔡伦造纸改善了书写工具书写方法并降低了书写成本应为好事,但也为奢靡的文风提供了条件。</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(51,51,51); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">魏晋以後骈俪文盛行,</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(51,51,51); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">文风奢华,盖有以也。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">同样,我们的先民在书写甲文、金文时受书写工具书写方法和书写成本所限,一般也不会出现“蛇足”之笔。所以巾字上边的口字必须纳入字义的分析之内。这个字应该是个合字,即两个字,两个音节,只占一个字的书写单位。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">右边从口从二止,《甲骨文字典》:“口为城邑,止表足迹,会巡逻护卫于城邑四周之意”;韋字里的口字表示城郭,那巾上的口字似乎也应是城郭。左边从巾从口,</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">表示</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">一部分人要进城,</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">右边表示</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">一部分人卫城不许进。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">巾即进城之义,此字则有解;巾作佩巾,此字则无解。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">这个字可作为这篇文章的一个概括。前面的内容说的是进城,后面说的则是不许进城。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;</span><img width="25" height="36" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131106218026.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">是幣(币)的古字。从釆从巾。釆,音<font face="Times New Roman">bian4,</font><font face="宋体">《说文》“兽足也”,其实是野兽留下的足迹。它和巾一齐会出币或帛义来是不是有点不可思议。但是跟着野兽的足迹“进”似乎更讲得通。</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><img width="25" height="31" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131106824027.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">希的异体字。希:古同稀,稀少,罕见。如:《老子》:大音希声;《论语》:鼓瑟希;《史记》:地广人希。从爻从巾,怎么能会出稀少、罕见的意思来呢?《说文》未收此字,反复查找,只有一种解释:</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(51,51,51); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">会意。从巾,从爻(&nbsp;<font face="Arial">y</font><font face="宋体">á</font><font face="Arial">o</font><font face="宋体">),象做针线。“巾”,丝织品,“爻”,象针线交错。本义:刺绣</font></span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(51,51,51); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">。真让人云里雾里一头雾水,“希”何时用作刺绣来着?笔者觉得,只要把巾字解作进,问题便可迎刃而解。上边的爻其实是网,</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">甲文</span><img width="25" height="30" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131106263028.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">。不过希字上边的网,指的不是一完整的网,而是几个网眼,这网眼(鱼或鸟兽)可以“进”(出),当然说明网结得稀疏了。希字的稀疏义由此而出,是不是比较合乎情理呢。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">二、不许进城之义,也是借助巾、京两字来表示的。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前文分析冂冋坰三字,说它作为城门,与扃同音,是因为它具有锁钥的功能。城门何时开何时关,何时能进何时不能进,应该有严格的门禁制度。并且还有专门的守门人,</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">如战国时魏国隐士侯嬴即为都城大梁“夷门监者”,用他自己的话说,“乃夷门抱关者”。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">前面我们通过巾字和京字,分析了能够进城的情况。作为具有锁钥功能的城门,自然还应有不能或不许进城的情况。这也是借助巾字和京字来表示的。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(<font face="宋体">一</font><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><img width="20" height="24" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131106796029.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">古文布,《说文》:</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">布,</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">从巾,父声。上面一手持斧,下一巾字</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">。布怎么会“从巾”呢?谁不知道巾出自于布而不可能是布出自于巾,就像椅从木出而不是木从椅出一个道理。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">如果</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">按照前面所说的</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">巾的意义是进</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">城</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,那么上面一手持斧的意思则可</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">会意</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">为不许进</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">城</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">或不能进</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">城</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">’</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">布</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">应是“不”的初字。与之相类似的还有</span><img width="24" height="24" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131106286030.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(</span><img width="25" height="22" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131106129031.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">)、</span><img width="22" height="22" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131106411032.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(</span><img width="25" height="29" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131107401033.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">)两个字,应是布的同义异构字。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">如果对手持斧、杖、矛等武器表达不许进的意思不甚理解,想象一下现代的戒严、宵禁同样是以武装震慑为手段就会明白,更何况古时不让敌人进城(守城)更是离不开武器的。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(二)</span><img width="25" height="32" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131107614034.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">巿</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">巾上加一横是巿字,音<font face="Times New Roman">fu</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">2</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">《说文》将此字解释为“韠也。上古衣蔽前而已,巿以象之。……从巾,象连带之形。”把巿字解释为身前遮羞的布片之类明显有误。古文中的“布”字,从巿的要比从巾的更多一些。比如</span><img width="28" height="27" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131107849035.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(布)</span><img width="26" height="30" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131107756036.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(布)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">。那么布到底是从巾还是从巿呢,恐怕没人能够说明白。但是把巾解释为进城,把巿字上边的一横看做表示拦阻之意,那么两种布字都可有解。一横为指事,父、矛、攴等为会意,手持斧、矛、杖跟那一横作用一样,二者分别或共同表示拦阻之义都是可以的。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(三)</span><img width="20" height="30" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131107990037.png"><img width="44" height="36" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131107543038.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">古文帀</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">za1</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">。帀有周匝之意确定无疑。另据戴家祥、李孝定等学者考证,帀有众意,帀又可作师字(古文字诂林卷六</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;六八页</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">)。帀字与巿字字形极为相近,与布字似乎也有联系。古文布</span><img width="26" height="30" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131107253039.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">下边似乎应该就是一个帀字。以笔者愚见,帀字的周匝、众、师等三个义项似乎也应从“不许进城”产生出来。只不过这个不许进城的对象不是平民百姓,而是来犯的敌对势力。前边所分析的以手持斧矛杖等武器除了震慑平民百姓更重要的恐怕是为了对付敌人。前边所分析的古文</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">幃</span><img width="25" height="28" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131107120040.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">字则更直观的表现这一点。右边的韋字既有针对敌方的保卫之意,又具有围绕之意。围绕保卫的正是中间的城。根据军事常识,围绕一般应该在城墙之上,这就产生了周匝之意。对付来犯之敌,往往是全城总动员,全民齐上阵,这自然就有了“众”意。上古没有常备军。平民百姓居家过日子就是“众”;走上城头与敌搏斗,平民百姓就变成了兵、军队、“师”。在古汉语中,众有时是指军队的。《汉典》众:<font face="Times New Roman">(10)</font><font face="宋体">兵</font><font face="Times New Roman">;</font><font face="宋体">军队。率数万之众。</font><font face="Times New Roman">(</font><font face="宋体">众指军队。</font><font face="Times New Roman">)</font><font face="宋体">——《史记·平原君虞卿列传》。像这样把帀和巿联系起来,把不许进城看做保卫城市,就使得帀字的周匝围绕、众和师等义项联系在一起,比较合乎情理的解析出来了。还有一“师(師)”字,古文</font></span><img width="21" height="26" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131107725041.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">。右边为帀字应无疑义,左边是啥众说纷纭。我由古文垣字</span><img width="19" height="29" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131107220042.png"><img width="22" height="26" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131108514043.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">发现,師字左边作垣字解似乎更合乎情理。《说文》垣:“墙也。从土亘聲。籒文垣从</span><img width="20" height="24" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131108646044.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(古文</span><img width="15" height="24" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131108671045.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">)。雨元切。”说垣为墙对了一半,从后边籀文垣可知,垣应为城墙。从古文垣字可以想象,更确切的解释应是“城上如齿状的矮墙”,叫做“堞”或“垛”。与前边冂字加个土一样,垣、堞、垛从土也和城有关,都是因土而成的。前边分析帀字我解释说是围绕城墙卫城之义,師字左边对此给出了有力的佐证。尤其是城墙上的“垛堞”,正是与敌短兵相接、守城的前沿阵地。看到它,就像我们今天看到碉堡和堑壕,自然就会想到军队。所以,作为古文字,師字的两个组成部分无论单独还是合在一起都做師字就不难理解了。还有一个薛字,</span><img width="19" height="38" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131108432046.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">1</span><img width="20" height="38" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131108825047.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">2</span><img width="36" height="45" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131108583048.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">3</span><img width="32" height="43" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131108111049.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">4</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">古文薛(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">辪)字。“加藤常贤谓</span><img width="16" height="20" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131108788050.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">字本为横书作</span><img width="25" height="15" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131108487051.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">形,像人之臀尻”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">.<font face="宋体">人之臀尻与《说文》所训之土丘什么关系?原来都是“高厚”之处。并且“古人行旅,止息于野必泽高起干燥之地”,于是臀尻又与土丘有了联系</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(《甲骨文字典</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">1499<font face="宋体">页</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">》)。但看看古文薛字(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">1<font face="宋体">、</font><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">),说“像人之臀尻”就明显不确。若作为“堞垛”则一个两个三个皆可通。薛</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">4<font face="宋体">还有一止字,说明人已到了堞垛跟前。辛字(武器)放在堞垛旁,就像机枪步枪架在堑壕边,作为军队作战这都是极为正常的。有一个坠字,</font></span><img width="21" height="36" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131108150052.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">1</span><img width="20" height="35" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131108524053.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">2<font face="宋体">古文坠。坠</font><font face="Times New Roman">1</font><font face="宋体">左边为头朝下的人字,坠</font><font face="Times New Roman">2</font><font face="宋体">右边为头朝下的子字。成人从城墙坠落乃攻城战斗中大量发生的现象;孩子从城墙坠落恐怕也不是个别,当今孩子从楼上坠落的事不是时有发生吗?这两种情形换到土丘上会发生吗?再看古文陟(登)</font></span><img width="35" height="42" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131108904054.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">降</span><img width="20" height="30" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131108975055.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,前者两脚向上,后者两脚向下。若论上下的感觉,顺着城墙陡峭的台阶上下是不是比在土坡上更明显些呢?下面这些字非常有意思,分析这些字就像讲故事。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">在这里必须说明,“</span><img width="27" height="29" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131108445056.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(厂)”与“阜(阝)”实为一字。何琳仪:“古文字偏旁厂与阜有时互作”(《古文字诂林&nbsp;&nbsp;卷十&nbsp;&nbsp;八〇四页》),他并且举了几个例子作证明。其实这样了例子很多,像后边所说的古文堕字等;古文厚字则直接把“厂”和“城”放在一块</span><img width="19" height="34" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131108520057.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,看来这厚本来指的就是城墙。人们说某人脸皮厚常以城墙讥之,真是说到厚字的本义上去了。甲文厂字多做</span><img width="27" height="29" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131109742058.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,金文多做</span><img width="16" height="23" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131109550059.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">。甲文的那一斜笔应是上下城墙的台阶,金文给省略了。和冋字里的口字表示城相同,甲文金文有些厂字所带口字也表示城,</span><img width="34" height="42" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131109770060.png"><img width="31" height="36" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131109489061.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">不应该是什么石字。</span><img width="19" height="36" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131109766062.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,</span><img width="19" height="19" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131109403063.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">字下边也是一口字而不是止字。中间的一竖似应是说明上边的</span><img width="19" height="19" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131109275064.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(城垛)和下边城的联系:城垛是这城墙的一部分。</span><img width="14" height="30" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131109272065.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,从企从阜(阝),站在城墙上翘足远望,望什么?</span><img width="28" height="38" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131109071066.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">古限字,从阜从目从人。高田忠周:“古土阜通用,限垠也当同字”(《古文字诂林》卷十&nbsp;&nbsp;七九八)前边分析冂字时说过,城墙是土打的,古土字往往与城有关,这乃是土阜通用的原因。垠有边际义,限也应有此义。所以前边两字的意思应该是站在城墙之上翘足远望最远处,看看敌人是否到来。</span><img width="21" height="38" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131109911067.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,此字从旗从阜从止,竖旗子的作用,乃</span><span style="TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; COLOR: rgb(50,50,50); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">以旗致众</span><span style="TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); LETTER-SPACING: 0pt; COLOR: rgb(50,50,50); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">,唐兰等学者已有论述。我的愚见,旗齐音同,召集众人必须要“齐”,一个都不能少!因为这是对付来犯之敌,必须万众一心。止有行义,所以这字的意思是,看到旗子,所有的人立马都要到城上集合。但人来了手里没有打仗的家什也是不行的,必须返回去拿。这正是反字(</span><img width="29" height="32" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131109354068.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">古文反,从厂从手)的本义。反的孳乳字是返(</span><img width="26" height="39" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131109614069.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">古文返)。厗<font face="Times New Roman">ti2</font><font face="宋体">厈</font><font face="Times New Roman">han4</font><font face="宋体">两字的辛和干都是武器,这俩字的意思说的应该是上城必须带武器。而这恰恰与前边的分析不谋而合了。还有一个仄字,</font></span><img width="26" height="34" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131110132070.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">古文仄。《说文》:“仄<font face="Times New Roman">,</font><font face="宋体">侧倾也。</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">侧倾,恰恰说的是上下城墙跌落的情形。城墙的台阶像</span><img width="27" height="29" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131110998071.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">字那一斜笔,是靠着城墙倾斜而上的。跌落只能是从台阶的外侧,所以古人以厂和人来会意。不过我看古文仄字更像指事。一个</span><img width="27" height="29" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131110674072.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">字,另外一笔恰恰表示跌落的位置和轨迹。这样是不是更形象一些?下边是对攻城场面的描写,很精彩的。</span><img width="34" height="35" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131110697073.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">古文登,表示城义的阜现在省略了,其实登的本义就是登城。“颍考叔取郑伯之旗蝥弧以先登”,“瑕叔盈又以蝥弧登”。这是《左转&nbsp;&nbsp;隐公十一年》里攻打许国时的情形。当然,城墙又陡又高,“登”必须借助他人之力。</span><img width="15" height="24" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131110347074.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">、</span><img width="18" height="27" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131110151075.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">、</span><img width="16" height="24" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131110261076.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,古文陆。是不是下边的人双手托着上边的人。下面的字明白无误地表现了这个意思</span><img width="16" height="30" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131110521077.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;</span><img width="13" height="28" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131110009078.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">。</span><img width="28" height="43" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131110108079.png"><img width="17" height="39" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131110526080.png"><img width="26" height="38" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131110424081.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">古文及。《说文》及:逮也。从又从人。许氏此说不确,这里的手(又)是托着脚使劲的,前一及字特意画了一只大脚,后一及字更是直接从止从手,意思很明确:“至也”(《广雅》),就是已经到了(够得着)城墙上端了。古文及字看不出城的意义,但其孳乳字</span><img width="27" height="34" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131110875082.png"><img width="27" height="38" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131110782083.png"><img width="25" height="32" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131111670084.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">分别从阜、土、口,而前文已分析过这三个部首都有城义。不过登城也不会这么简单。再看这俩字:</span><img width="24" height="32" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131111511085.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">、</span><img width="16" height="30" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131111001086.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,字形还是从阜从人,不过人的身边多了点儿东西。什么东西?城墙上边砸下来的东西。</span><img width="21" height="28" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131111402087.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">、</span><img width="33" height="30" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131111347088.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">、</span><img width="26" height="26" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131111291089.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">、</span><img width="16" height="38" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131111320090.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">古文堕(一说陶),由最后一字可以看出城上之人手里拿的应该是石头之类的东西。上边一小竖表示下坠的轨迹。下边攻城一方也不会就这么被动挨打,也有“火力掩护”:</span><img width="28" height="33" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131111963091.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">、</span><img width="33" height="33" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131111175092.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">、</span><img width="33" height="35" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131111583093.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">、</span><img width="23" height="33" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131111333094.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">。扔上去的东西和扔下来的东西一模一样,只是表示轨迹的“抛物线”要长得多。另外还有矢</span><img width="16" height="31" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131111354095.png"><img width="20" height="22" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131111388096.png"><img width="25" height="25" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131111766097.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,支支指向城上,恐怕也是“火力掩护”。最后,需要说说城上驻扎止息之事。</span><img width="25" height="27" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131111375098.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">古文次字。《甲骨文字典一五〇三》:“师所驻之地也,或止舍之地名”。《甲骨文字典一五〇〇》</span><img width="19" height="19" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131111261099.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">“次也,旅途中止息驻扎及其地之称”。</span><img width="19" height="19" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131111150100.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">字为什么具有驻扎义?徐中舒:“此</span><img width="19" height="19" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131112295101.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">字究作何解,不能臆说。但由其文例言之”,“得释为次”(《古文字诂林卷十&nbsp;&nbsp;七五六》)。现在,我们知道</span><img width="19" height="19" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131112569102.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">字的本义为城垛,可引申为城墙,那么就能够由此引申出驻扎止息之义来。前边分析师字已经说过,平民百姓走上成头与敌搏斗就转变成军队,</span><img width="19" height="19" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131112673103.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">字作为城垛是与敌短兵相接的前沿阵地,由此引申出师字来应该是合情合理的。那么在敌人围城之际,那守城的军队(师)实际是城里的平民百姓(众)还能不能回家吃饭睡觉呢?答案当然是否定的。在城上止息驻扎是必须的。所以</span><img width="19" height="19" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131112912104.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">字、</span><img width="25" height="27" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131112047105.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">字表示止息驻扎或止息驻扎之地就不足为怪了。下边两字意思应该是为城上送吃喝。</span><img width="27" height="26" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131112068106.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,《甲骨文字典&nbsp;&nbsp;一五一六》:且本为盛肉之俎,双手捧且从阜,疑为进献之义,并举卜辞“庚申卜王贞翌辛酉其</span><img width="24" height="22" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131112285107.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">郷”为例。郷为饗之通假字,犒劳之义。“旦日飨士卒,为击破沛公军。”(《史记&nbsp;&nbsp;项羽本纪》)可见送到城上应该是犒劳守城之众。</span><img width="21" height="31" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131112649108.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,从阜从尊。尊,酒器。此字的意思是双手抱着酒坛子上城,依然是犒劳之意。守城之众(师)有吃有喝,可见是驻扎止息于城上的。征伐一方一路长途跋涉,驻扎止息之地或山下或水边或平地随遇而“安”(安营),不可能有一定之规,怎么可能都在高处驻扎呢?所以把</span><img width="19" height="19" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131112448109.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">解释为大丘小丘之类是不妥当的。只有守城一方,驻扎之地是在城上,驻扎之地和驻扎之意由城(</span><img width="19" height="19" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131112071110.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">)而出就理所当然了。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">这一节有些啰嗦,论证也显粗糙。但主要目的是证明</span><img width="19" height="19" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131112558111.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">字本是城垛,引申为城墙或城,使師字里帀字的周匝之义既有了周匝之所也有了周匝之因。周匝之所即城墙之上,原因则是抵御外敌入侵。所以这个帀字和前边巿字以及下边的不字一样,都具有不许进城之意。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(四)</span><img width="18" height="28" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131112959112.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">1</span><img width="14" height="29" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131112449113.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">2</span><img width="18" height="26" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131112999114.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">3</span><img width="23" height="26" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131112282115.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">4</span><img width="14" height="24" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131112146116.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">5</span><img width="16" height="27" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131112386117.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">6</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">古文不字。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">《古文字诂林》所收录的近四百个古文不字,按字形分有五种类型。上面有带一横的,也有不带一横的;中间一竖有直笔的,也有弯笔的;一横下面有分叉的,也有不分叉的。共同之处是尽管形态不尽相同,但都能看出巾字的模样。不<font face="Times New Roman">2</font><font face="宋体">不</font><font face="Times New Roman">3</font><font face="宋体">是不是和帀字很相似?不</font><font face="Times New Roman">4</font><font face="宋体">不</font><font face="Times New Roman">5</font><font face="宋体">呢,上面应该是辛字的省文。古文辛</font></span><img width="17" height="27" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131112783118.png"><img width="18" height="29" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131113606119.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">。吴其昌:“辛之本义,亦斧属也,亦兵刑器也。”而这恰恰与前面所分析的从斧从巾的布字完全相似。可见不</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">4<font face="宋体">不</font><font face="Times New Roman">5</font><font face="宋体">与布字一样,表示以武力震慑“不许进城”;为什么说不</font><font face="Times New Roman">2</font><font face="宋体">不</font><font face="Times New Roman">3</font><font face="宋体">上边一横与巿、帀二字上边一横能表达“拦阻”义?我觉得那一横应为冂字(</font></span><img width="19" height="27" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131113450120.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">)中间被杨树达认为“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">像门扃之形”的</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">那一横。有个成语“抱关击柝”说的就是守关巡夜之事。为什么守关被称为抱关,字书解读均不;辪详。《说文》关:以木横持门户也。寻常门户的关就是一个小小的门栓,但城门却不然,它关乎全城人的生命安全。城门之关应该是一根又粗又长的原木,横挡在城门之内,就像冂字中间的那一横恰恰也是横贯两端的。不管开门还是关门,都要用力“抱”起那原木的一端才能奏效。这样解释抱关是不是更合情理?表示不许进城的那一横就有了着落。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">那么不<font face="Times New Roman">1</font><font face="宋体">上面没有一横,又是怎么表示不许进城的呢?我分析我所见到的四百几十个古文不字,发现一个规律:上面带一横的,不管是否分叉,中间一竖多为直笔,少数为弯笔;而上面不带一横的,几无例外都是弯笔(如不</font><font face="Times New Roman">1</font><font face="宋体">)!为什么?为什么我们的先民要把那一竖刻意写成弯笔呢?这里有道理可讲。我们中国人自古就有一个秉性:崇尚直而鄙视弯。我在拙文《说说直和弯》《我解德字》(百度文库可以查到)里对此做过专门分析。这里不便展开,仅举几个词语为证。宁折不弯:直喻忠贞,弯喻妥协。树大自直,船到桥头自然直,也都把弯形容为人们不愿接受的不良状态,而把直形容为人们乐于接受的正常状态。前边分析巾,用一竖表示进城的轨迹。这一竖是直笔,表示畅通和正常;这一竖变成了弯笔,则表示通行受阻,情况异常。所以,巾字上若用一横表示拦阻的,中间的一竖自然可直可弯;巾字上面没有一横的,中间的一竖就必须弯,舍此则不能表达拦阻义。卜辞中习见“子不”“余伐不”“余毋伐不”等词语,如果把“不”从“不许进城”引申为动词“守城”和名词“设防之城”,这类词语是不是就可以讲得通了呢?还有一个古文字挺有意思</font></span><img width="33" height="40" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131113087121.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,即古坏(<font face="Times New Roman">pi1</font><font face="宋体">)字,又写作坯、伾。古文从</font></span><img width="19" height="30" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131113007122.png"><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">之字与从土之字胡通(如</span><img width="25" height="26" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131113261123.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">和城</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">)。这个古文坏字从城从不,应该可以说明不和城市有关系的。据吴其昌考证,这个字是古地名,乃“大坯山成皋故城”之“故墟”。郭沫若:“</span><img width="21" height="25" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131113435124.png"><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">王国维谓与競卣之</span><img width="22" height="26" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131113652125.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">为一字,且为一地,疑即大伾……二器均言南征事,一言往,一言还,而均经过此坯</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)">”。古文不丕互通,所以坯、伾与坏应为一字,且作一地之地名。郭沫若所说“南征事”指的是昭王南征荆楚之事,路途遥远,往还“均经过此坯”说明“此坯”应不是被征讨对象。但由不(丕)字“不许进城”之义可以猜想,“此坯”对昭王南征之师是设防的。这个地名也可能不是“此坯”原来的地名,而是昭王南征之后的称谓。</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,255); COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255)"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">关于不字,在此需要说明两点。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">(1)</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">王国维罗振玉等许多学者根据《诗经</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">·</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">小雅</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">·</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">常棣》“常棣之华,鄂不韡韡”和山名“华不注”推知古文不字像花的子房即花萼,也就是“柎</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">fu1</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">”,假借来做否定词表示否定的意思。我认为此说在情理上是站不住脚的。在人们的日常口语交际中,否定词不(古与柎同音)和花柎之柎(权且看作是不)的使用频率、关注度等方面的差异应该是不言而喻的。从文字的产生来看,是一年甚至数年也用不了几次的冷僻字花柎之柎(不)先造了出来,还是几乎每天都要使用若干次的常用否定词不先造出来的呢?是人们在书写常用否定词不时假借了冷僻字花柎之柎(不),还是在书写冷僻字花柎之柎(不)时假借了常用否定词不呢?答案应该是不言而喻的。我想,也许是王国维罗振玉等学者不了解古文不字的初始意义,这才把不字附会到花柎那里去的吧。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">(2)</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">清王筠说:“使不字由不然不可而作。则是虚字也。然古人造字不为文词而起。必无所用虚字。如之者。出也。焉者。鸟也。然者。火也。而者。毛也。皆实字也。后乃借为虚字耳。恐不字以常棣萼不为本义。”他认为不这个表示否定的虚词也应由实词而来。殷商时代,城邑早已出现多年,商品流通也已具相当规模。人们进城交易应是经常之事。一旦因突发事件而关闭城门,等于对所有进城人说了“不”。这对远道而来的进城人的影响之广之大是可想而知的。尤其是当抵御外敌攻城之时,那可是全城百姓万众一心用殊死搏斗齐声对来犯之敌说“不”。先民们日常遇到的说不的情形不计其数,“不许进城”是不是所有说不的情形之中的“最大公约数”呢?否定副词“不”由实词“不许进城”虚化而来是不是比较符合王筠的意思呢?我以为答案应该是肯定的。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">(五)</span></span><img width="21" height="28" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131113638126.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">1</span><img width="23" height="26" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131113703127.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">2</span><img width="22" height="29" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131113135128.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">3</span><img width="24" height="32" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131113375129.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">4</span><img width="26" height="30" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131113307130.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">5</span><img width="27" height="29" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131113291131.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">6</span><img width="13" height="30" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131113275132.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">7</span><img width="21" height="28" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131113176133.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">8<font face="宋体">古文亳字。巾与京是同义异构字,都表示进城之义。巾字通过上面加横或一竖变弯笔而成为不字,那京字呢,可以说与不字如出一辙,惊人的相似。上面有一横的,则中间一竖可直可弯(如亳</font><font face="Times New Roman">1</font><font face="宋体">、</font><font face="Times New Roman">2</font><font face="宋体">、</font><font face="Times New Roman">8</font><font face="宋体">);上面没有一横的,中间一竖一定是弯笔(如亳</font><font face="Times New Roman">3</font><font face="宋体">、</font><font face="Times New Roman">4</font><font face="宋体">、</font><font face="Times New Roman">5</font><font face="宋体">)。亳与不相似度如此之高,能是巧合吗?亳</font><font face="Times New Roman">8</font><font face="宋体">中间的</font></span><img width="19" height="27" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131113442134.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">即巾字所从冂字的古文,明白无误地将巾字和京字联系在一起。加上一横,又将不和亳联系在了一起。不、亳双声,字形之表意手法又完全一样,</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">它们的意义相同应该没有疑义。但亳为古地名,怎么能表现出“不”的意义来呢?我做如下分析不知能否讲得通。亳作为地名,应该是指殷商三亳。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">历史上殷商王朝数百年里曾多次迁都。商都有三亳:北亳﹑南亳﹑西亳,均以商丘之亳为坐标。商丘以南二十二公里处的睢阳区高辛镇为南亳;商丘以北二十五公里处的亳(今梁园区蒙墙寺)为北亳;在商丘以西大约<font face="Times New Roman">280</font><font face="宋体">公里处的偃师商城为西亳。</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">我们可以想象一下,亳开始作为三个都城的地名,是在殷商建都或迁都之前还是在之后呢?若是前者,只能有一种解释,殷商对于亳这个地名是情有独钟,非名亳之地不建都,非名亳之地不迁都。这就像找对象,非姓甚名甚的不娶,或者非姓甚名甚的不嫁,这是不是很荒唐?若是后者,那么亳字的“不”义似乎就有了着落。殷商都城在哪里,哪里就被称作“亳”。为什么被称作亳?是不是殷商都城具有与其他各地城邑不同之处比如门禁森严使得人们不能轻易进城这样的特点呢?我以为极有可能,尤其是分析了商汤两字之后。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(六)</span><img width="29" height="37" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131113661135.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">1</span><img width="36" height="39" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131113687136.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">2</span><img width="30" height="34" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131113830137.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">3</span><img width="30" height="40" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131114415138.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">4</span><img width="37" height="39" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131114275139.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">5</span><img width="25" height="34" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131114867140.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">6</span><img width="26" height="39" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131114526141.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">7</span><img width="34" height="40" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131114223142.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">8&nbsp;<font face="宋体">古文商字。&nbsp;(这些字仅是代表,绝不止一个)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">古文商字的字形各异主要是指上边的结构,下边基本是相同的。从前边对内字的分析可以知道,有口无口都是内,放人进城之义。商<font face="Times New Roman">1</font><font face="宋体">、</font><font face="Times New Roman">2</font><font face="宋体">、</font><font face="Times New Roman">3</font><font face="宋体">,上边都从干。无论一个干(商</font><font face="Times New Roman">1</font><font face="宋体">)两个干(商</font><font face="Times New Roman">3</font><font face="宋体">),还是从干省(商</font><font face="Times New Roman">2</font><font face="宋体">),都是守城武器。如“赳赳武夫</font><font face="Times New Roman">,</font><font face="宋体">公侯干城”(《诗·周南·兔罝》)。商</font><font face="Times New Roman">6</font><font face="宋体">、</font><font face="Times New Roman">7</font><font face="宋体">、</font><font face="Times New Roman">8</font><font face="宋体">,上边部分似从辛,吴其昌::“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">斧属也,亦兵刑器也</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">”。这与前边对不字的分析相契。但也有人主张“从言省”,这倒与商<font face="Times New Roman">4</font><font face="宋体">的两个口字相一致了。吅,《汉典》一,</font><font face="Times New Roman">xuan1</font><font face="宋体">喧:大声呼喊;二,</font><font face="Times New Roman">song4</font><font face="宋体">讼:诉讼。在不许进城的武装门卫面前,大声争辩陈述理由,是不是有诉讼的意味。商</font><font face="Times New Roman">5</font><font face="宋体">上边一横表示拦阻,前边已有分析。总之,若想被放进城真真是不容易的。另外,卜辞中“屡言入商。田游所至曰往。曰出。独商言入。”(罗振玉语《古文字诂林》卷二&nbsp;&nbsp;六七一)为什么会“屡言入商”?为什么“独商言入”而不言往或出?这与商之城难进的意义是不是有关呢?&nbsp;据《甲骨文字典(</font><font face="Times New Roman">215</font><font face="宋体">页)》:商在甲骨卜辞中作一,地名,殷之王都;二,人名;三,方国名。这殷之王都的商字与前边分析的亳字意义如此相似,应该不是巧合吧。</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">(七)还有一个尚字应为商字的异构字。</span><img width="33" height="29" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131114677143.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">1</span><img width="36" height="45" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131114489144.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">2</span><img width="34" height="42" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131114620145.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">3</span><img width="45" height="42" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131114745146.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">4</span><img width="26" height="43" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131114654147.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">5</span><img width="40" height="35" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131114059148.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">6<font face="宋体">古文尚。张亚初:“尚字以商省得声。《竹书纪年》周显王二十八年秦封商鞅于鄔(於)。改名曰尚。尚即商。……尚是商字的孳乳字。”(《古文字诂林》卷一&nbsp;&nbsp;六三九)从字形看,尚字与商</font><font face="Times New Roman">1</font><font face="宋体">一样,下边都从冋,表示城门无疑。尚</font><font face="Times New Roman">6</font><font face="宋体">和商</font><font face="Times New Roman">6</font><font face="宋体">下边一样,都有放人进城之义。尚</font><font face="Times New Roman">1</font><font face="宋体">上边的两短横,据张亚初分析,是由吅省变而成(出处同上)。其字义应与带吅的商字相同。尚(</font><font face="Times New Roman">2</font><font face="宋体">—</font><font face="Times New Roman">6</font><font face="宋体">)上边的八字,寓意以为表示分开,让出中间让人通过。有些尚字的八中间有点、横、竖,似应表示指示作用,必须从这里进城。有些商字上边干、辛等武器也有分列两边的,似与此同。&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; MARGIN-RIGHT: 32pt" class="p0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;(八)十分有必要说一下汤(唐)与庚两字。古文汤(唐)字:</span><img width="31" height="47" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131114005149.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">1</span><img width="20" height="42" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131114529150.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">2</span><img width="25" height="42" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131114855151.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">3</span><img width="27" height="45" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131114712152.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font face="宋体">古文庚字:</font></span><img width="18" height="43" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131114520153.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">1</span><img width="23" height="37" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131114792154.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">2</span><img width="21" height="40" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131114896155.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">3</span><img width="39" height="35" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131115290156.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">4</span><img width="24" height="40" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131115096157.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">5&nbsp;<font face="宋体">愚以为汤庚原为一字。仔细看一下这两个字的笔画,或明显或隐约都有一个巾字。尤其</font></span><img width="19" height="27" src="/forum/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2014/09/19/20140919131115088158.png"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">字,在两字(<font face="Times New Roman">1</font><font face="宋体">—</font><font face="Times New Roman">3</font><font face="宋体">)中甚为明显。前面已分析,冂冋为一字。可见这两字有口没口不应有别。除了巾字和口字,上面有一干字是武器,中间有一个或半个圆代表城墙。这一点庚</font><font face="Times New Roman">5</font><font face="宋体">表现得最为明显。除去巾字,就只剩了城墙和城楼。因为上面没有干字,所以在下面表示进城轨迹的一竖上加了一横表示拦阻。由此我们可以得出这样的结论:汤和庚为一字,都是不许随意进城的意思。这样一分析,这两个字和商尚两字的意义就不谋而合了。再从字音分析,商汤古音应该相同。根据清人钱大昕“古无舌头音”的说法,商在古时应读作汤。从音韵学看,商汤乃一声之转。以尚为声旁的字大多读作汤音,如趟、躺、堂、淌、棠、倘、耥、惝等,读作尚的仅赏、裳、绱三字而已。可见商字在古时是应该读作汤的。再说,商、汤、庚三字在殷商都曾做人名的,如成汤、盘庚;商做人名前面已述及,卜辞“丁亥卜亘贞子商妾</font><font face="Times New Roman">*</font><font face="宋体">娩不其妿”就是例证。由卜商之妾生产之事可知,此处的商极有可能和成汤、盘庚一样也是商王。</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: '宋体'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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