徐伯鸿 发表于 2011-3-22 21:57

周代的“命”级

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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><FONT size=5>周代的“命”级</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><FONT size=5></FONT></SPAN>&nbsp;</P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">对照典籍，周代的等级是用“命”级来衡量的。杨尚奎先生曾说过：“研究历史的人全知道，《周礼》的所谓‘命’等于魏晋以后的品。”（转引自张亚初、刘雨《西周金文官制研究》）活着，“其宫室车旗衣服礼仪各<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">眡</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">其命之数”；死了，他的</SPAN>墓葬的等级也是依照他的命级的（墓主的命级）。<SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">《周礼·典命》：“上公九命为伯，其国家宫室车旗礼仪皆以九为节。侯伯七命，其国家宫室车旗礼仪皆以七为节。子男五命，其国家宫室车旗衣服礼仪皆以五为节。王之三公八命，其卿六命，其大夫四命。及其出封，皆加一等，其国家宫室车旗衣服礼仪亦如之。凡诸侯之嫡子，誓于天子，摄其君，则下其君一等。未誓，则以皮帛继于男。公之孤四命，以皮帛</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">眡</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">小国之君，其卿三命，其大夫再命，其士一命，其宫室车旗衣服礼仪各</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">眡</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">其命之数；侯伯之卿、大夫、士亦如之。子男之卿再命，其大夫一命，其士不命，其宫室车旗衣服礼仪各</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">眡</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">其命之数。”<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">《周礼》疏：“及其出封皆加一等者，三公八命者为九命上公，六命卿为七命侯伯，四命大夫为五命子男。……王之上士三命，中士再命，下士一命。”<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">《周礼·典命》注、疏文：（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1</SPAN>）“四命，中下大夫也。出封，出畿内封于八州之中加一等，褒有德也。大夫为子男。”（<SPAN lang=EN-US>2</SPAN>）“《春秋》传曰：列国之卿当小国之君，固周制也。”<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">《礼记·曲礼（下）》：（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1</SPAN>）“五官之长曰伯，是职方，其摈于天子也，曰天子之吏。天子同姓谓之伯父，异姓谓之伯舅。自称于诸侯曰天子之老，於外曰公，于其国曰君。”（<SPAN lang=EN-US>2</SPAN>）“九州之长，入天子之国曰牧。天子同姓，谓之叔父，异姓谓之叔舅。于外曰侯，于其国曰君。”（<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>）其在东夷、北狄、西戎、南蛮，虽大曰子。于内自称曰不</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-TW style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW">穀</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">，于外自称曰王老。”（<SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN>）“庶方小侯，入天子之国曰某人。于外曰子，自称曰孤。”<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">《周礼·大宗伯》：“壹命受职，再命受服，三命受位，四命受器，五命赐则，六命赐官，七命

徐伯鸿 发表于 2011-3-22 22:56

<P><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt"><FONT face=宋体>命级与册命有关<SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"><FONT face=宋体>周王冊命逨<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt">隹（唯）卌（四十）又三年六月既生霸丁亥，王才（在）周康宮穆宮。旦，<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">王</B>各周廟，<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">即立（位）</B>，司馬壽<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">右</B>虞逨，<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">入門，立中廷，北嚮</B>。史淢<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">授王令（命）書</B>，王乎（呼）尹氏<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">冊令（命）</B>逨。<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">王若曰</B>：<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>……<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>。王曰：<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>逨，<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">易（賜）</B>女（汝）秬鬯一卣，玄袞衣，赤舄，駒車：<SPAN lang=EN-US>[]</SPAN>（贲）較，朱虢、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">鞃靳</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt">，虎冟（幂）熏裏，畫尃〈从革〉畫昏〈從車〉，金甬，馬四匹，攸（鋚）勒。敬夙夕，勿廢朕令（命）。<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>逨<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">拜稽首，受冊佩以出，反（返）入（纳）堇（瑾）圭</B>。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P>

徐伯鸿 发表于 2011-3-22 23:05

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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><A href="http://www.guwenzi.com/UpFile/UpAttachment/2011-3/2011321224027.doc" target=_blank><FONT size=5><IMG onmousewheel="return bbimg(this);" height=16 alt=16×16 src="http://www.guwenzi.com/images/affix.gif" width=16 onload=javascript:DrawImage(this); border=0 ?></FONT>周 代 墓 葬 中 的.doc</A><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>

徐伯鸿 发表于 2011-3-23 01:14

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徐伯鸿 发表于 2011-3-24 22:07

<P><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><STRONG>周王冊命逨，</STRONG></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">史淢<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">授王令（命）書</B>。<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">王令（命）書</B>即“<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">命書</B>”，也就是“册书”。尽管后世有“铁卷”、“玉册”、“黄册”之类，但周代的“册书”是什么样的？就不得而知了。现在，贴一个《战国秦封宗邑瓦书》，以供参考。</SPAN></P><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">
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徐伯鸿 发表于 2011-3-24 22:08

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徐伯鸿 发表于 2011-3-24 22:09

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