肖大心 发表于 2022-12-11 13:58

《參不韋》第一段試解(一)

<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">《清華大學藏戰國竹簡》(拾貳)《叁不韋》第一段整理者的釋文如下:</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:42.0pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">參不韋曰:</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134620919001.jpg" width="18" height="17"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(啟),隹(唯)昔方有</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134620540002.jpg" width="17" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(洪),不甬(用)五</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134620165003.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(則),不行五行,不</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134620714004.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(聽)五音,不章五色,飤(食)五未(味),以</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134620981005.jpg" width="22" height="20"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(泆)</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134620652006.jpg" width="21" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(戲)自萈(讙)自</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134620122007.jpg" width="21" height="19"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(亂),用乍(作)亡(無)刑。帝監有</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134621596008.jpg" width="17" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(洪)之</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134621939009.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(德),反有</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134621914010.jpg" width="17" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(洪)之</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134620165003.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(則)。帝乃命參不韋</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134621464011.jpg" width="17" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(揆)天之中,秉百神之幾(機),</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134621711012.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(播)</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134621428013.jpg" width="18" height="19"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(簡)百菫(艱),</span><span style="position:relative;top:1.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134621643014.jpg" width="16" height="17"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(審)</span><span style="position:relative;top:1.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134622897015.jpg" width="16" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(乂)</span><span style="position:relative;top:1.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134622482016.jpg" width="21" height="17"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(陰)昜(陽),不吳(虞)隹(唯)</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134622858017.jpg" width="20" height="20"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(信),以定帝之</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134621939009.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(德)。帝乃不吳(虞),隹(唯)參不韋。帝乃自</span><span style="position:relative;top:1.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134622228018.jpg" width="19" height="17"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(稱)自立(位),乃乍(作)五</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">=</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">刑<span>=</span></span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134620165003.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">=</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(五刑則,五刑則)隹(唯)天之盟(明)</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134621939009.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(德)。帝乃甬(用)五</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134620165003.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(則)隹(唯)</span><span style="position:relative;top:1.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134622756019.jpg" width="16" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(稱),行五行隹(唯)訓(順),</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134620714004.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(聽)五音隹(唯)均,</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134622445020.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(顯)五色隹(唯)</span><span style="position:relative;top:1.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134622702021.jpg" width="17" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(文),飤(食)五未(味)隹(唯)和,以</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134622755022.jpg" width="16" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(抑)有</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134622291023.jpg" width="17" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(洪)。參不韋乃受(授)</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134620919001.jpg" width="18" height="17"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(啟)天之五刑</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134620165003.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(則),秉章</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134623320024.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(則)、秉</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134623320024.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(則),不秉(則)、秉</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134623034025.jpg" width="21" height="19"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(亂)</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134620165003.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(則)、秉兇</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134620165003.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(則),隹(唯)五</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134621939009.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(德)之</span><span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134622228018.jpg" width="19" height="17"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(稱)。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:42.0pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">以下對《參不韋》篇上引第一段的個別字詞做些考釋。關於對《參不韋》篇文本性質和學派歸屬的一些討論,將放到《〈</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">參不韋</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">〉</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">第一段試解(二)》中再談。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">、“參不韋”</span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">整理者【注釋】說:</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:52.5pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">參不韋,古書未見,為天地之使者。簡八四至八六有“乃告上監乂,秉德司幾。乃告於下尸疐,秉義不渝。乃告於天之不韋,司中側措”,參不韋蓋為“上監乂”“下尸疐”“天之不韋”三神祇的合稱。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:52.5pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.2pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">這是一種解釋。不過“上監乂”“下尸疐”“天之不韋”中已經有“天之不韋”之名,又將其三者統稱為“參不韋(違)”,總是感覺有些奇怪,另外文本本身顯示的總和三者為“參不韋(違)”的意思並不明顯。其實所謂“參不韋(違)”也未嘗不可以從另外一個角度理解。眾所周知,“參(三)”是概數,表示不能確定的“多”,簡文中多次說到行動上的“不韋(違)”,如“秉德不韋(違)”(簡一〇〇)“不韋(違)有成”(簡四五)“隹(唯)天之不韋(違)”(簡八二)“乃秉</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134623320024.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(則)不韋(違)”(簡一九)“不韋(違)</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134623390026.jpg" width="18" height="19"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(明)</span><span style="position:relative;
top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134623739027.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(德)”(簡二三)等,“不韋(違)”一名的蘊意也可能來自這諸多行動上的“不韋(違)”,未必一定是用為三個神祇的合稱。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.2pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">戰國時代的典籍有一個特點,就是為了宣傳作者的主張和學派的觀點,常常虛擬人物,造作故事。有時圍繞著一個母題,可以隨意變換主角,顛倒時代,因此經常會有“關公戰秦瓊”的情況出現。在虛擬人物上經常使用“寓名”的手法,即根據故事需要虛擬出一個含義上跟故事所要呈現的人物形貌、言行可以相聯繫的一個人名,我們稱之為“借事賦名”,這一點在《莊子》一書中就有鮮明的體現,如《人世間》篇的“支離疏”,《齊物論》篇的“嚙缺”和“王倪”,《德充符》篇的“王</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">駘</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">”“伯昏無(《列御寇》篇“無”字作“瞀”)人”“叔山無趾”“哀</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">駘它</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">”,《在宥》篇的“廣成子”,《天地》篇的“諄芒”,《天道》篇的“輪扁”,《至樂》篇的“滑介叔”,《徐無鬼》篇的“大隗”,《讓王》篇的“屠羊說”,《盜</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134623253028.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">》篇的“滿苟得”“無足”“知和”等皆是,可資比較。其實這也是文學作品的慣用手法,古今概莫能外,文革時期浩然的小說《金光大道》中的主人公名為“高大泉”,蘊意“高、大、全”,就是一個典型的例</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">子</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.2pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">1999</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">年我曾在《古文字中的人名資料》一文中根據侯馬盟書中的人名“不諱”(六七:三八)和漢印中的人名“趙不圍”,指出可以跟秦相“呂不韋”之名相對照,認為呂不韋的“不韋”應讀作“諱”“圍”或“違”。現在看來讀為“不違”是可以確定的。《秦漢印統》<span>6</span>·<span>32</span>有“苦成不韋”印,《虛無有齋摹輯漢印》<span>0832</span>有“郭不韋·臣不韋”印,名字中的“不韋”也都應該讀作“不違”。“不韋(違)”又作“莫韋(違)”,《程訓義古璽印集存》<span>5-034</span>有“王莫韋(違)”印,《樂氏藏古璽印選集》<span>3872</span>有“田莫韋(違)”印,《樂只室古璽印存》<span>012</span>有“莫韋(違)”印,“莫韋(違)”是不署姓氏的名字印。戰國秦漢時的雙字名中,“不某”極為常見,如“不御”“不步”“不侵”“不虞”“不疵”“不當”(又作“莫當”)“不疑”(又作“不意”)“不害”“不急”(又作“莫級”)“不疾”“不欲”(又作“莫慾”)“不有”“不遇”“不禁”“不敬”(又作“不<span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134623815029.jpg" width="18" height="17"></span>”)“不誤”“不逮”“不順”“不便”“不時”“不識”(又作“莫織”)“不問”“不憂”等,史書中的夏代君主“似不降”、西周齊哀公“不辰(臣)”、戰國韓國丞相“申不害”、漢河間恭王“不害”、漢清陽國哀侯“王不害”等,都可以與“不韋(違)”之名相比較,可見“不韋(違)”應該也是當時常見的名字。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.2pt"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><br>
</span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.2pt"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">2</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">、五則</span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.2pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">整理者【注釋】說:</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.2pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:42.0pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">五則,又作“五德”。簡四至五“帝乃用五則唯稱”,簡九八做“用五德唯稱”。“五則”,見於典籍,所指不一。簡文“五則”可能即《五紀》之“五德”。《五紀》簡九至十:“一曰禮,二曰義,三曰愛,四曰仁,五曰忠,唯后之正民之德。”此篇簡文謂:“五則:乃以立建后、大放、七承、百有司、萬民,及士、司寇。”(簡七)可比較參看。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">按整理者將“五則”與“五德”等同似有疑問。簡七到簡九說:</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:42.0pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">參不韋曰:</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134623786030.jpg" width="18" height="17"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">啟<span>)</span>,五</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134620165003.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">則<span>)</span></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:'微软雅黑',sans-serif">:</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">乃以立</span><span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134623099031.jpg" width="18" height="17"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">建<span>)</span>句<span>(</span>后<span>)</span>、大放、七</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134624735032.jpg" width="15" height="19"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">承<span>)</span>、百有司、蠆<span>(</span>萬<span>)</span>民,</span><span style="position:relative;
top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134624357033.jpg" width="18" height="20"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">及<span>)</span>事<span>(</span>士<span>)</span>、司</span><span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134624318034.jpg" width="16" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">寇<span>)</span>。</span><span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134623099031.jpg" width="18" height="17"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">建<span>)</span>句<span>(</span>后<span>)</span>叢(總)五</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">刑</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134620165003.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(則),秉中不</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134624771035.jpg" width="18" height="20"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(營),隹(唯)固不</span><span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134624972036.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(遲)。事(士)攸(修)邦之</span><span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134624257037.jpg" width="14" height="17"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(寇)佻(盜),相</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134624273038.jpg" width="18" height="17"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(亂)不周,夭(妖)甬(用)</span><span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134625434039.jpg" width="21" height="21"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(誣)言,妖(妖)</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134625365040.jpg" width="19" height="17"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(亂)之欽(禁)。司</span><span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134624257037.jpg" width="14" height="17"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(寇)攸(修)</span><span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134625512041.jpg" width="17" height="19"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(殘)則(賊)殺伐,</span><span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134625387042.jpg" width="21" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(仇)</span><span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134625883043.jpg" width="18" height="17"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(讎)</span><span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134625938044.png" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(間)</span><span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134625925045.jpg" width="18" height="20"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(諜)</span><span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134625029046.jpg" width="20" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(及)水火。隹(唯)</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134625338047.jpg" width="18" height="19"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(稱)。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">文中談到立建后、大放、七</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134626171048.jpg" width="15" height="19"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(疑讀為“丞”)、百有司、萬民及士和司寇,並及士和司寇的執掌。頗疑“五則”是相對於建后、大放、七</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134626392049.jpg" width="15" height="19"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(丞)、百有司、萬民及士和司寇而言的,其中萬民、士、司寇算一類,用“及”字表示“民”與“士”和“司寇”為並列關係,再加上前邊的建后、大放、七</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134626171048.jpg" width="15" height="19"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(疑讀為“丞”)、百有司共五類。另外,從文中可知“五則”的主要內容很顯然應該包括設官分職。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">我們懷疑簡文的“五則”與馬王堆帛書《五正》篇的“五正”有關聯。馬王堆帛書《五正》篇說:</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:42.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><br>
&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">黃帝問閹冉曰:“吾欲佈施五正,焉止焉始?”對曰:“始在於身。中有正度,后(後)及外人。外內交</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:1.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134626726050.jpg" width="18" height="17"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(接),乃正於事之所成。”黃帝曰:“吾既正既靜,吾國家</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134626480051.jpg" width="19" height="20"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(愈)不定,若何?”對曰:“後中實而外正,何【患】不定。左執規,右執柜(矩),何患天下?男女畢迵(通),何患於國?<span style="color:black;background:#D9D9D9">五正既布,以司五明</span>。左右執規,以寺(待)逆兵。”黃帝曰:“吾身未自知,若何?”對曰:“後身未自知,乃深伏於淵,以求內刑(型)。內刑(型)已得,後□自知屈後身。”</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">其中的“五正既布,以司五明”又见于《鹖冠子·度万》:</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:42.0pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">鶡冠子曰:“天地陰陽,取稽於身,<span style="color:black;background:#D9D9D9">故布五正以司五明</span>。十變九道,稽從身始;五音六律,稽從身出。五五二十五,以理天下。六六三十六,以為歲式。……龐子曰:“敢問五正。”鶡冠子曰:“有神化,有官治,有教治,有因治,有事治。”龐子曰:“願聞其形。”鶡冠子曰:“神化者於未有,官治者道於本,教治者脩諸己,因治者不變俗,事治者矯之於末。”龐子曰:“願聞其事。”鶡冠子曰:“神化者,定天地,豫四時,拔陰陽,移寒暑,正流並生,萬物無害,萬類成全,名尸氣皇。官治者,師陰陽,應將然,地寧天澄,眾美歸焉,名尸神明。教治者,置四時,事功順道,名尸賢聖。因治者,招賢聖而道心術,敬事生和,名尸後王。事治者,招仁聖而道知焉,苟精牧神,分官成章,教苦利遠,法制生焉,法者,使去私就公,同知壹警,有同由者也,非行私而使人合同者也,故至治者弗由,而名尸公伯。”</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:42.0pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.2pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">上引</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">馬王堆帛書《五正》篇“五正”的“正”,魏啟鵬先生讀為“政”,引《論語·為政》皇疏:“政,謂法治也。”又引司馬遷《素王妙論》“黃帝設<span style="color:black;background:#D9D9D9">五法</span>,佈之天下,用之毋窮”一段為證認為“五正”就是“五政”,也就是“五法”。楚帛書中有“廢四興一,以亂天常,群神<span style="color:black;background:#D9D9D9">五正</span>,四神方羊。建極屬民,<span style="color:black;background:#D9D9D9">五正</span>乃明”的文句,其中的“五正”李學勤先生認為應該與馬王堆帛書《五正》篇的“五正”和《鹖冠子》中的“五正”有關。他不同意把“五正”的“正”讀為“政”的意見,指出馬王堆帛書《五正》篇的“五正”是講君主本身之正推至外人之正、萬事之正,所以“五正”的本義當為己身與四方的正,楚帛書的“五正”也應作如此解,而《鹖冠子》的“五正”在馬王堆帛書《五正》篇“五正”的基礎上有所發揮,是指“有神化,有官治,有教治,有因治,有事治”等“治”的五種。上文引《鹖冠子·度萬》篇還記載了鹖冠子對這五種“治”從“形”和“事”兩個角度的進一步解釋,在“事”的部分提到“定天地,豫四時,拔陰陽,移寒暑”“萬類成全”“分官成章”“法制生焉”等內容,可見《鹖冠子》“五正”的內涵非常豐富,並不簡單。《國語·周語下》“無亦鑒於黎、苗之王,下及夏、商之季,上不象天,而下不儀地,中不和民,而方不順時,不共神祇,而蔑棄五則。”其中的“五則”指文中的“象天”“儀地”“和民”“順時”“共神”,應該是另外一種“五則”。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.2pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">西周銅器《豳公盨》銘文開頭的一段說:</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.2pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">天令(命)禹尃(敷)土,</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134626699052.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(墮)山,<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134626542053.jpg" width="18" height="24"></span>(濬)川;廼(乃)<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134626694054.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span>(疇)方,埶(設)征(正),降民,監德;廼(乃)自乍(作)配,卿(嚮)民;成父母,生我王,乍(作)臣。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">裘錫圭先生訓銘文中的“<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134626694054.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span>(疇)方”的“疇”為“類”,訓“方”為“法”,認為“疇方”即“使方相疇而成類”之意;訓“設征(正)”的“正”為“正長”之“正”,認為這裡的“正”是指五行之官的正,並引《左傳·昭公二十九年》蔡墨回答魏獻子的話,從而認為:</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">據蔡墨所說,似乎萬物各按其類分屬五行之官,即所謂“五官”;五官是否稱職,對萬物的盛衰以及人、物之間的關係,都有決定性的影響。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">又引《國語·楚語下》所載楚大夫觀射父的話,指出:</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">觀射父所說的“五官”應該就是蔡墨所說的“五官”。觀射父在這裡主要是講神民關係的,但他說“五官”是“天地神民類物之官”,在“天地神民”之外還加上“類物”。這就可以說明他所說的“五官”,就是分掌各類“物”的五行之官。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:31.5pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">……</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:31.5pt;text-indent:28.2pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">大概古人認為如果沒有五行之官掌握好有關的各種方,神民萬物就會失去應有的秩序,天下甚至天上都會大亂。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:31.5pt;text-indent:28.2pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">……</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:31.5pt;text-indent:28.2pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">《易·繫辭上》和《禮記·樂記》都有“方以類聚,物以群分”之語,或許與“疇方、設正”有某種對應關係。而上引《楚語下》觀射父語中的“不可方物”,則可能是方、物皆失其群類,不可掌握、治理的意思。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">我們認為裘錫圭先生對《豳公盨》銘文中“疇方”和“設正”的理解和分析甚有理致,不過“疇方”的“方”應該也包括“方向”意義的“方”。《豳公盨》銘文的“疇方”和“設正”跟帛書的“五正”、馬王堆帛書《五正》篇的“五正”和《鹖冠子》的“五正”也應該存在聯繫。雖然因時代不同,從《豳公盨》的“疇方”和“五正”到楚帛書的“五正”,再到馬王堆帛書《五正》篇的“五正”和《鹖冠子》的“五正”,其內涵頗有引申變異,但是透過外表還是可以窺見一條隱含的主線,那就是對天地、四方、陰陽等世間萬事萬物的定位和分類,而設官分職也是一種定位和分類。這樣做的目的是為了確立天地之間的秩序,使萬事萬物各處其位,各司其職。從楚帛書的“五正”和馬王堆帛書《五正》篇的“五正”看,在有些語境下,“五正”可能就是具體指“五方之正”,即包括“安排五方”和“設五方之正”。馬王堆帛書《五正》篇的“五正”按李學勤先生的解釋就是己身與四方的正,即以“黃帝”或“后”為中極加上四方的“五方”。《文子·微明》說:“昔者中黄子曰:‘天有五方,地有五行,声有五音,物有五味,色有五章,人有五位,故天地之间有二十五人也。’”其中的“五方”“五行”“五音”“五味”“五章”可以直接對應《參不韋》簡文第一段的“五則”“五行”“五音”“五色”“五味”,可見“五則”就相當於“五方”。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">《參不韋》開頭說“隹(唯)昔方有</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134626661055.jpg" width="17" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(洪),不甬(用)五</span><span style="position:
relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134627371056.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(則),不行五行”,“不行五行”就是《尚書·洪範》中說“鲧塞洪水,汨陈其五行”的“汨陈其五行”,也就是不按五行順序,打亂五行定位的意思。“不甬(用)五</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134627710057.jpg" width="18" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(則)”位於“不行五行”之前,“五則”應是一個比“五行”更為重要或重大的概念,把“五則”理解成對天地間一些重要事物的定位和分類,具體解釋成“五方”,符合其所處的地位。所以我們懷疑《參不韋》的“五則”跟《豳公盨》的“疇方”和“五正”、楚帛書的“五正”、馬王堆帛書《五正》篇的“五正”和《鹖冠子》的“五正”存在著某種關係。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><br>
</span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">3</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">、“</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">以</span></b><b><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134627127058.jpg" width="22" height="20"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(泆)</span></b><b><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134627637059.jpg" width="21" height="18"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(戲)自萈(讙)自</span></b><b><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134627006060.jpg" width="21" height="19"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(亂)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">”</span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">“</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134627127058.jpg" width="22" height="20"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">”整理者讀“泆”,這個意思典籍亦作“逸”。甲骨文中的“</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134627492061.jpg" width="22" height="20"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">”本來就既可用為“失”,也可用為“逸”的。《詩·大雅·板》云:“敬天之怒,不敢戲豫。”注云:“戲豫,逸豫也。”可見“戲”“逸”可通,所以“以</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134627403062.jpg" width="22" height="20"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134627969063.jpg" width="21" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(戲)”就是“以逸戲”。“逸”為“放縱、淫荒”的意思。《五紀》開頭說:“隹(唯)昔方又(有)</span><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134628805064.jpg" width="17" height="18"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(洪),</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134628935065.png" width="20" height="20"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(奮)洫(溢)于上,雚(權)亓(其)又(有)中,䖒(戲)亓(其)又(有)惪(德)”,“權其有中”是“變通其規則”的意思,“戲其有德”是“狎戲其德行”的意思,而“奮溢”一詞,是最能體現“洪水”在這一文本中被擬人化後,對其用詞也呈現出雙關語的特點。即“奮溢”的“奮”既有“揚起”義,又有“驕矜”義,“溢”既有“氾濫”義,又有“驕傲”“自滿”義。所以“奮溢</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">”</span><span style="font-size:
14.0pt">既可以用來形容洪水的“上湧漫溢”,又可以用來形容擬人化後的洪水的“驕矜自滿”。《尚書·堯典》說:“湯湯洪水方割,蕩蕩懷山襄陵,浩浩滔天”又說:</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">“</span><span><a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%A9%A9%E5%85%9C/8447128?fromModule=lemma_inlink" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;color:windowtext;
text-decoration:none">驩兜</span></a></span><span style="font-size:
14.0pt">曰:</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">‘</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">都!共工方</span><span><a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%B8%A0%E5%83%9D/10383070?fromModule=lemma_inlink" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;color:windowtext;
text-decoration:none">鸠僝</span></a></span><span style="font-size:
14.0pt">功。</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">’</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">帝曰:</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">‘</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">吁!静言庸违,</span><span><a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%B1%A1%E6%81%AD%E6%BB%94%E5%A4%A9/23278441?fromModule=lemma_inlink" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;color:windowtext;
text-decoration:none">象恭滔天</span></a></span><span style="font-size:
14.0pt">。</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">’”</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">文中“滔天”一語既用於形容洪水,又用來形容共工,是一樣的修辭手法。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">關於“有洪”,近來網上頗有爭議,有些考證致力在“洪水”和</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">“共工氏”之間做出選擇,其實大可不必。簡文的“有洪”本來就是三位一體的概念,既是洪水,又是共工之人,又是共工部族。甲骨文中有很多姓氏、地名、部族三位一體的例子,這與典籍中的“河伯”既指“河神”,又指西部的“河伯部族”,又可以指“河伯部族首領之名”是一樣的現象。由洪水到共工之人,是自然神變為人格神,而部族名與部族首領的名字相同,更是很自然的事情。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">“自萈(讙)自</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134628045066.jpg" width="21" height="19" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(亂)”的“萈”整理者讀為“讙”,網上有名“質量復位”的學者讀為“寬”,王寧先生引《尚書·舜典》“敬敷五教在寬”的“寬”為例訓為寬宥。按讀“萈”為“寬”的意見筆者與網名“質量復位”的學者暗合,《尚書·舜典》有“直而溫,寬而栗,剛而無虐,簡而無傲”的話,《尚書·皋陶謨》有“寬而栗,柔而立,愿而恭,亂而敬,擾而毅,直而溫,簡而廉,剛而塞,彊而義”的文句,其中“寬而栗”和“亂而敬”的“寬”和“亂”,也就是簡文“自萈(寬)自</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134628041067.jpg" width="21" height="19" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(亂)”中的“寬”和“亂”。值得注意的是《尚書·皋陶謨》“寬而栗”“亂而敬”“擾而毅”“簡而廉”這些描寫人脾氣秉性的用詞中的“寬”“亂”“擾”“簡”等字,都含有正面和負面兩層含義,“寬”既為“寬容”,又為“鬆弛”“放縱”;“亂”既為“治”,又為“敗壞”“昏亂”;“擾”既為“和順”,又為“攪擾”“騷亂”;“簡”既為“單純”,又為“怠惰”“簡慢”。簡文的“</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">自</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">萈(寬)自</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134628371068.jpg" width="21" height="19" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(亂)”中的“寬”和“亂”,當然是用為負面的意思,“寬”即放縱,“亂”即“昏亂”。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312"><br>
</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">4</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">、帝乃命參不韋</span><span style="position:relative;
top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134628017069.jpg" width="17" height="18" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(揆)天之中,秉百神之幾(機),</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134628861070.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(播)</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134628675071.jpg" width="18" height="19" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(簡)百菫(艱),</span><span style="position:relative;top:1.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134629403072.jpg" width="16" height="17" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(審)</span><span style="position:relative;top:1.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134629313073.jpg" width="16" height="18" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(乂)</span><span style="position:relative;top:1.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134629002074.jpg" width="21" height="17" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(陰)昜(陽)</span></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">《詩經·鄘風·定之方中》:“揆之以日,作于楚室。”毛傳:“揆,度也。”“中”整理者訓為“道”,似不夠準確。按“中”即“衷”,“天之衷”即“天衷”。“天之衷”和“天衷”的說法典籍多見,《國語·吳語》:“吳為不道,求殘我社稷宗廟,以為平原,弗使血食。吾欲與之徼<span style="color:black;background:#D9D9D9">天之衷</span>,唯是車馬、兵甲、卒伍既具,無以行之。”《左傳·僖公二十八年》:“今天誘其衷。使皆降心以相從也。不有居者。誰守社稷?不有行者,誰捍牧圉?不協之故,用昭乞盟於爾大神以誘<span style="color:black;background:#D9D9D9">天衷</span>。”《左傳·定公四年》:“天誘其衷,致罰于楚,而君又竄之,周室何罪?君若顧報周室,施及寡人,以獎<span style="color:black;background:#D9D9D9">天衷</span>。君之惠也。’”“天衷”就是“天的心意”“天的志願”,“揆天之衷”就是“度天心”。</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">《郭店楚簡·成之聞之》說:“大禹曰‘余兹宅天心’何?此言也,言余之此而宅于天心也。”“宅天心”的“宅”讀為“度”,“宅天心”就是“度天心”,清華簡《祭公》也有“隹(惟)寺(時)皇上帝宅(度)亓(其)心”的話,“度其心”,也就是簡文的“揆天之中(衷)”,即揣度天的心意或志願的意思。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">“秉百神之幾(機)”的“幾”整理者讀為“機”,訓為“關鍵”“樞紐”,可“秉持百神之關鍵”似乎不好理解。網上有學者認為此“幾”字與簡<span>47</span>、<span>85</span>、<span>102</span>中的“司幾”“上司幾”中的“幾”相同,應訓為“法”。按訓“幾”為“法”似亦不好,筆者懷疑這裡的“幾”就用為“幾”的常訓,即“吉凶先兆”的意思。《淮南子·氾論》“故因鬼神禨祥”高誘注:“禨祥,吉凶也。”《史記·天官書贊》“其文圖籍禨祥不法”張守節《正義》引顧野王云:“禨祥,吉凶之先見也。”</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">馬王堆帛書《老子》甲本卷後古佚書《九主》說:“鐖而知之,天也。鐖(幾)也者,齎數也。”文中即借“鐖”為“禨”,也用為“吉凶先兆”之意。《晉書·天文志》:“攝提六星,直斗杓之南,主建時節,伺禨祥。”簡文的“司幾(禨)”“上司幾(禨)”可能就應讀為“伺禨”“上伺禨”。古人認為鬼神會向人示以吉凶的預兆,所以需要密切關注觀察,“司(伺)幾(禨)”就是“窺伺,觀察吉凶的預兆”的意思。</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">《管子·樞言》說:“天以时使,地以材使,人以德使,鬼神以祥使,禽兽以力使。”其中的“鬼神以祥使”就是“鬼神是用禨祥來運作的”的意思。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><br>
</span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">5</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">、</span></b><b><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134629768075.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(播)</span></b><b><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134629043076.jpg" width="18" height="19" border="0"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(簡)百菫(艱),</span></b><b><span style="position:relative;top:1.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134629975077.jpg" width="16" height="17" border="0"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(審)</span></b><b><span style="position:relative;top:1.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134629474078.jpg" width="16" height="18" border="0"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(乂)</span></b><b><span style="position:relative;top:1.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134629434079.jpg" width="21" height="17" border="0"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">(陰)昜(陽)</span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">“百菫”整理者讀為“百艱”,似與簡文此處文義不合。簡文“百菫”與“陰陽”相對,應該是一個中性的且跟“陰陽”相匹配的概念,不會如“百艱”那樣帶有負面信息。網上有名“<span>tunnan</span>”的學者將“菫”讀為“限”,認為“限”有“法度”、“準則”的意思。按此說甚可疑。“限”字從目前已知的學術知識看,似從未有這類意思。筆者在這裡提出一個想法,聊備一說。筆者認為“百菫”不知能否讀為“百根”。“菫”通為“根”早有古文字通假資料可以證明,無需再證。“百根”是什麼意思呢?古人認為萬事萬物皆有根,所以《淮南子·覽冥》說:“漠然若無魂魄,使萬物各復歸其根。”《淮南子·原道》:“萬物有所生,而獨知守其根;百事有所出,而獨知守其門。”《淮南子·原道》說“萬物之總,皆閱一孔;百事之根,皆出一門。”“百菫(根)”疑即“百事之根”的縮略說法。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">“</span><b><span style="position:relative;top:1.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134630330080.jpg" width="16" height="18" border="0"></span></b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">”字網上名為“翻滾的魚”的學者改釋為從“勺”從“攴”,其說是。網上名為“<span>gefei</span>”的學者將“<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134630713081.jpg" width="16" height="17" border="0"></span>(審)<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134630135082.jpg" width="16" height="18" border="0"></span>(乂)”讀為“斟酌”。</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">讀“斟酌”從聲音上看當然沒有問題,且很機巧,不過“斟酌”與“陰陽”搭配仍覺不夠密合。典籍說到陰陽,一般都用“燮理”“燮調”“含吐”一類的詞,即要往“調和”的意思上考慮。《淮南子·原道》:“橫四維而<span style="color:black;background:#D9D9D9">含陰陽</span>,紘宇宙而章三光。”《淮南子·本經》:“秉太一者,牢籠天地,彈壓山川,<span style="color:black;background:#D9D9D9">含吐陰陽</span>,伸曳四時,紀綱八極,經緯六合,覆露照導,普氾無私,蠉飛蠕動,莫不仰德而生。”由此頗疑“</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134630713081.jpg" width="16" height="17" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">”字就應讀為“含”,“</span><span style="font-size:
14.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134630729083.jpg" width="16" height="17" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(含)</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134630571084.jpg" width="19" height="18" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">”似可讀為“含酌”一類的詞。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.1pt"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体"><br>
</span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.1pt"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体">6</span></b><b><span style="font-size:
14.0pt;font-family:宋体">、五</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:宋体">刑</span></b><b><span style="font-family:宋体;
position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134630617085.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体">(則)</span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">整理者</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">【注釋】說:</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:28.2pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">五刑則,即上文之五則、五行、五音、五色、五味。刑、則,皆訓法,與《書·洪範》之“範”同。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.2pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">我們認為整理者的注釋對“五刑則”的理解是非常準確的。鮑彥東、薛孟佳《清華簡〈參不韋〉與〈洪範〉合證》一文指出“五刑則”當作“五型則”,引《說文》:“型,鑄器之法也”段注:“引申之為典型”從而認為“型則”當有“範疇”的意思,與“洪範九疇”含義相同,是一系列原則或法則的統稱。按讀“刑則”為“型則”與筆者的想法相同,不過早期典籍中“型”的意思都用“刑”字來記錄,所以不必改“刑”為“型”,只要將其理解為“型範”“模式”,不當成“刑罰”“刑律”意義上的“刑”即可。網上也有人認為“五刑則”的“刑”應讀為“形”,這是不合適的。因為雖然“型”與“形”關係密切,“範鑄”的過程就是用模型塑造出一個新“形”,但從文意上看,當然還是要理解成“範式”的“型”更準確。賈連翔先生認為《參不韋》的“五刑則”應劃分為“自然法則”和“法律制度”兩個維度。所謂法律維度的“五刑則”涉及到二四—二七號如下簡文:</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 1;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:42.0pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">參不韋曰:<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134630304086.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span>(啟),天<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134630947087.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span>(則)不遠,才(在)乃身。五<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134631684088.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span>(則)曰中,五行曰放,五音曰從,五色曰<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134631586089.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span>(衡),五未(味)曰<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134631881090.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span>(藏)。<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134631129091.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span>(啟),乃<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134631720092.png" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span>(<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134631332093.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span>)<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134631941094.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span>(明)自爯(稱)自立(位),進<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134632102095.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span>〈退〉<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134632761096.png" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span>(左)右付(俯)卬(仰),乃還<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134632982097.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span>(遍)乃桼(節),以乍(作)刑[<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134632908098.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span>(則)]。<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134632429099.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span>(啟),五刑<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134632621100.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"><span style="position:relative;
top:3.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134632486101.png" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span></span>(則則)五桼(節)爲廿有五刑<span style="position:relative;top:3.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134632486101.png" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span>(刑,刑)五逗(屬)爲百有廿五<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134632196102.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span>(罰)。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:25.0pt;font-size:14.0pt;font-family:'Calibri',sans-serif;margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 1; font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif; text-indent: 28pt;"><span style="font-family:宋体">其中“</span><span style="font-family:宋体">五刑<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134632371103.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"><span style="position:relative;top:3.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134633478104.png" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span></span>(則則)五桼(節)爲廿有五刑<span style="position:relative;top:3.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134633478104.png" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span>(刑,刑)五逗(屬)爲百有廿五<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134633309105.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span>(罰)”一段的斷句有些問題,賈連翔先生的文章斷句為:</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:25.0pt;font-size:14.0pt;font-family:'Calibri',sans-serif;margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:25.0pt;font-size:14.0pt;font-family:'Calibri',sans-serif;margin-left:42.0pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">五刑則,則五桼(節),爲廿有五刑<span style="position:relative;
top:3.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134632486101.png" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span>(刑,刑)五逗(屬),爲百有廿五<span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134633117106.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span>(罰)。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:25.0pt;font-size:14.0pt;font-family:'Calibri',sans-serif;margin-left:42.0pt;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 1; font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:宋体">可謂正確可從。文中“為”字用法類似“謂”。這段簡文是說“五刑則”每則分為五節,<span>5</span>×<span>5</span>共<span>25</span>刑,每刑又再分五屬,<span>25</span>×<span>5</span>共<span>125</span>罰。這段簡文雖然出現了相連的“刑”和“罰”,但是這裡的“刑”和“罰”是作為“五刑則”的分類標目出現的,似乎還不能視為真正“刑法”“刑罰”意義上的“刑罰”。所以認為“五刑則”應劃分為“自然法則”和“法律制度”兩個維度的說法,從“法律制度”這個維度看,似尚不明顯。</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 1; font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:宋体">&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;說到“刑則”就是“型則”,可從“型”和“則”的本義說起。“則”字按孫常敘先生的解釋,初形就是比照樣子刻畫器物的形象,具體是指按照已經成形的器物刻畫準備要做的器的模型,而“型”是鑄器的模子,所以“則”“型”兩字本即相關,因此都可以訓為“法則”“法式”。《鹖冠子·泰鴻》說:“天也者,神明之所根也,醇化四时,陶埏无形,刻镂未萌,离文将然者也”,其中的“陶埏”就相當於“型”,其中的“刻镂”就相當於“則”。《郭店楚簡·六德》有“折(制)</span><span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134633681107.jpg" width="22" height="20" border="0"></span><span style="font-family:宋体">(型)灋,</span><span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134633233108.jpg" width="18" height="19" border="0"></span><span style="font-family:宋体">(教)此民”的記載,文中的“型法”與“五刑則”的“刑則”相近,也是同義並列的關係。關於“型”與古人相關的思想和觀念,筆者擬專文論之,此處從略。</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: 21pt;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;"><b><span>7</span></b><b>、</b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">參不韋乃受(授)</span></b><b><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134633329109.jpg" width="18" height="17" border="0"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(啟)天之五刑</span></b><b><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134633407110.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(則),秉章</span></b><b><span style="position:
relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134633907111.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(則)、秉</span></b><b><span style="position:
relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134633868112.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(則),不秉(則)、秉</span></b><b><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134634853113.jpg" width="21" height="19" border="0"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(亂)</span></b><b><span style="position:
relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134633868112.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(則)、秉兇</span></b><b><span style="position:
relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134634854114.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(則),隹(唯)五</span></b><b><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134634069115.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(德)之</span></b><b><span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134634959116.jpg" width="19" height="17" border="0"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(稱)。</span></b></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:28.0pt"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">整理者於此段的句讀似有小問題,“秉章</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134634780117.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(則)、秉</span><span style="position:relative;
top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134634862118.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(則),不秉(則)、秉</span><span style="position:
relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134634853113.jpg" width="21" height="19" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(亂)</span><span style="position:relative;
top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134634622119.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(則)、秉兇</span><span style="position:relative;
top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134633407110.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(則)”一段在“秉</span><span style="position:relative;
top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134634464120.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(則)”後用逗號,似以“秉則”和“不秉則”中間為界分成兩類,這是不合適的。其實這裡都應用頓號,即應斷作“秉章</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134633407110.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(則)、秉</span><span style="position:relative;
top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134633907111.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(則)、不秉(則)、秉</span><span style="position:
relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134634117121.jpg" width="21" height="19" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(亂)</span><span style="position:relative;
top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134633868112.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(則)、秉兇</span><span style="position:relative;
top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/11/20221211134633868112.jpg" width="18" height="18" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">(則)”,是指對持有之“則”的五種選擇或態度,由上至下,從高到低,非常清楚,即“章則”——則——無則——亂則——凶則。這五種持有“則”的選擇或態度,其實就是下邊說的“五德”。“德”指人的行為操守,可好可壞,譬如“凶德”就是最壞的“德”,《尚書·盤庚》有“用降我凶德”,《尚書·多方》有“尔尚不忌于凶德”的話,其中的“凶德”,就相當於簡文的“並凶則”的“凶則”。</span></p>
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