《清华大学藏战国竹简》(拾贰)《三不违》研讀
<div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><font face="等线"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt"><span style="font-family: 宋体;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">  《清华简》第十二辑《三不违》简122、123有如下之语:</span></span></font></font></div><div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">      “乃曰弗可</span><img _height="25" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130108383001.jpg" alt="" width="23" border="0"><img _height="26" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130108345002.jpg" alt="" width="24" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”</span></font></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">      “唯造天之命,</span><img _height="28" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130108610003.jpg" alt="" width="22" border="0"><img _height="25" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130108209004.jpg" alt="" width="23" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">前过”</span></font></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><font face="等线"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt"><span style="font-family: 宋体;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">整理者读“</span><img _height="25" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130108383001.jpg" alt="" width="23" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”“</span><img _height="27" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130108884005.jpg" alt="" width="21" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”为“渝”,读“</span><img _height="24" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130108883006.jpg" alt="" width="22" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”为“悔”。按读“</span><img _height="25" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130108495007.jpg" alt="" width="23" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”当然没问题,读“</span><img _height="26" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130108804008.jpg" alt="" width="24" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”“</span><img _height="27" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130109357009.jpg" alt="" width="22" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”为“渝”则不妥,“</span><img _height="26" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130108804008.jpg" alt="" width="24" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”“</span><img _height="27" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130109357009.jpg" alt="" width="22" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”显然应读为“追”。“追悔”乃常语,“追悔前过”的话见于《逸周书·谥法》:“追悔前过曰思,柔质慈民曰惠”。</span></span></font></font></div> <div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt" size="5" face="宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">    《清华简》第十二辑《三不违》简10:</span></font></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt" size="5"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">        五行:启,乃以立司工、司马、</span><img _height="20" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130534589001.jpg" alt="" width="21" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">徒。</span></font></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt" size="5" face="宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">“</span><img _height="20" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130534025002.jpg" alt="" width="21" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">徒”整理者读为“徵徒”,认为是“职官名”,同“三有司”的“司徒”接近,且引曾侯乙墓简的“左</span><img _height="24" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130534322003.jpg" alt="" width="22" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">徒”和“右</span><img _height="24" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130534322003.jpg" alt="" width="22" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">徒”为证。按关于曾侯乙墓简的“左</span><img _height="24" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130534322003.jpg" alt="" width="22" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">徒”和“右</span><img _height="24" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130534322003.jpg" alt="" width="22" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">徒”,汤炳正先生曾有《“左徒”与“登徒”》一文详加考证,读“</span><img _height="24" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130534322003.jpg" alt="" width="22" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">徒”为“登徒”,其说确不可易。所以简文“</span><img _height="20" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130534419004.jpg" alt="" width="21" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">徒”不该读为“徵徒”而应读为“登徒”。“登徒”一名见于《战国策·齐策三》和楚宋玉《登徒子好色赋》,原以为《登徒子好色赋》的“登徒”为姓氏,似应重加考虑。裘锡圭先生认为曾侯乙墓简的“左登徒”疑即见于《史记·楚世家》和《屈原列传》的“左徒”。屈原曾任楚怀王的“左徒”,春申君黄歇曾任楚顷襄王的“左徒”。从记载看,“左徒”为执掌内政外交的要员,而典籍载“司徒”为地官之长,管土地、人口、赋税等,类似后世的户部。这条材料为“登徒”这一职官名和“左登徒”与“左徒”,“登徒”与“司徒”的关系提供了新线索。</span></font></div> <div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt" size="6" face="宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">    《清华大学藏战国竹简》(拾贰)《三不违》简116——117说:</span></font></div>
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<div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt" size="6" face="楷体,楷体_GB2312"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">        九权之参,淫湎康(荒)则毁。</span></font></div>
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<div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt" size="6" face="宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">又简120——121说:</span></font></div>
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<div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt" size="6" face="楷体,楷体_GB2312"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">        启,乃自则乃身,弗可</span><img _height="15" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130626851001.jpg" alt="" width="18" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(愎)康(荒)。</span></font></div>
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<div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt" size="6" face="宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">整理者在两个康字下都括注为“荒”,按此实不必。楚简中明确的“荒”字皆借用“巟”“忘”“亡”等字为之,从不用“康”。简文“康”就用为本字,即“康”字常训“康乐”之“康”。《清华大学藏战国竹简》(陆)《郑文公问太伯》(乙本)有“孚淫</span><img _height="16" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130626233002.jpg" alt="" width="16" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(媱)于康”的话,“康”字用法相同。“淫湎康”就是“淫</span><img _height="18" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130626447003.jpg" alt="" width="18" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(媱)于康”。典籍中有“淫昏康乐”(《说苑·权谋》)“弋猎淫康”(《史记·三王世家》《史记·李斯列传》)“沉湎淫康”(《淮南子·泰族》)“日康娱以淫游”(《楚辞·离骚》)的说法,其中《淮南子》的“沉湎淫康”跟上引116——117简的“淫湎康”只差一字,极为接近,可资比较。</span></font></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt" size="6" face="宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">    又整理者将简120——121中的“</span><img _height="15" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130626595004.jpg" alt="" width="16" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”读为“愎”亦不妥,楚简中有“孚”读为“愎”的例子,似尚未见“</span><img _height="14" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130627622005.jpg" alt="" width="15" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”读为“愎”之例。楚简中的“</span><img _height="15" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130627823006.jpg" alt="" width="15" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”就是“復”字,简文中的“</span><img _height="17" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130627050007.jpg" alt="" width="18" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”也应一样用为“復”,且“愎”与“康”实在无法搭配,甚为不词。所以简文的“启,乃自则乃身,弗可復康”就是“三不违”告诫启要以身作则,不要再耽于康乐的意思。上博藏楚简伍《三德》篇有“上帝弗京(谅),必</span><img _height="14" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130627747008.jpg" alt="" width="15" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(復)之以康”的话,以往也将“康”读为“荒”,是不合适的。《三德》的“必</span><img _height="16" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130627672009.jpg" alt="" width="17" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(復)之以康”中的“復之以康”也就是上论《三不违》简120——121的“</span><img _height="16" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130628435010.jpg" alt="" width="17" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(復)康”。</span></font></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt" size="6" face="宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">    关于“启”曾耽于康乐,典籍有明确记载,《墨子·非乐上》说:“于武观曰:‘启乃淫溢康乐,野于饮食,将将铭,苋磬以力,湛浊于酒,渝食于野,万舞翼翼,章闻于天,天用弗式。’故上者天鬼弗戒,下者万民弗利。”文中说启“淫溢康乐”,正可与简文的“弗可復康”对观。</span></font></div>
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