《清华大学藏战国竹简》（拾贰）《三不违》研讀
<div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><font face="等线"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt"><span style="font-family: 宋体;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">  《清华简》第十二辑《三不违》简122、123有如下之语：</span></span></font></font></div><div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">      “乃曰弗可</span><img _height="25" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130108383001.jpg" alt="" width="23" border="0"><img _height="26" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130108345002.jpg" alt="" width="24" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”</span></font></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">      “唯造天之命，</span><img _height="28" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130108610003.jpg" alt="" width="22" border="0"><img _height="25" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130108209004.jpg" alt="" width="23" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">前过”</span></font></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><font face="等线"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt"><span style="font-family: 宋体;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">整理者读“</span><img _height="25" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130108383001.jpg" alt="" width="23" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”“</span><img _height="27" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130108884005.jpg" alt="" width="21" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”为“渝”，读“</span><img _height="24" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130108883006.jpg" alt="" width="22" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”为“悔”。按读“</span><img _height="25" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130108495007.jpg" alt="" width="23" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”当然没问题，读“</span><img _height="26" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130108804008.jpg" alt="" width="24" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”“</span><img _height="27" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130109357009.jpg" alt="" width="22" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”为“渝”则不妥，“</span><img _height="26" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130108804008.jpg" alt="" width="24" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”“</span><img _height="27" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130109357009.jpg" alt="" width="22" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”显然应读为“追”。“追悔”乃常语，“追悔前过”的话见于《逸周书·谥法》：“追悔前过曰思，柔质慈民曰惠”。</span></span></font></font></div> <div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt" size="5" face="宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">    《清华简》第十二辑《三不违》简10：</span></font></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt" size="5"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">        五行：启，乃以立司工、司马、</span><img _height="20" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130534589001.jpg" alt="" width="21" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">徒。</span></font></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt" size="5" face="宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">“</span><img _height="20" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130534025002.jpg" alt="" width="21" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">徒”整理者读为“徵徒”，认为是“职官名”，同“三有司”的“司徒”接近，且引曾侯乙墓简的“左</span><img _height="24" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130534322003.jpg" alt="" width="22" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">徒”和“右</span><img _height="24" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130534322003.jpg" alt="" width="22" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">徒”为证。按关于曾侯乙墓简的“左</span><img _height="24" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130534322003.jpg" alt="" width="22" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">徒”和“右</span><img _height="24" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130534322003.jpg" alt="" width="22" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">徒”，汤炳正先生曾有《“左徒”与“登徒”》一文详加考证，读“</span><img _height="24" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130534322003.jpg" alt="" width="22" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">徒”为“登徒”，其说确不可易。所以简文“</span><img _height="20" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130534419004.jpg" alt="" width="21" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">徒”不该读为“徵徒”而应读为“登徒”。“登徒”一名见于《战国策·齐策三》和楚宋玉《登徒子好色赋》，原以为《登徒子好色赋》的“登徒”为姓氏，似应重加考虑。裘锡圭先生认为曾侯乙墓简的“左登徒”疑即见于《史记·楚世家》和《屈原列传》的“左徒”。屈原曾任楚怀王的“左徒”，春申君黄歇曾任楚顷襄王的“左徒”。从记载看，“左徒”为执掌内政外交的要员，而典籍载“司徒”为地官之长，管土地、人口、赋税等，类似后世的户部。这条材料为“登徒”这一职官名和“左登徒”与“左徒”，“登徒”与“司徒”的关系提供了新线索。</span></font></div> <div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt" size="6" face="宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">    《清华大学藏战国竹简》（拾贰）《三不违》简116——117说：</span></font></div>
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<div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt" size="6" face="楷体,楷体_GB2312"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">        九权之参，淫湎康（荒）则毁。</span></font></div>
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<div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt" size="6" face="宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">又简120——121说：</span></font></div>
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<div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt" size="6" face="楷体,楷体_GB2312"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">        启，乃自则乃身，弗可</span><img _height="15" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130626851001.jpg" alt="" width="18" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">（愎）康（荒）。</span></font></div>
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<div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt" size="6" face="宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">整理者在两个康字下都括注为“荒”，按此实不必。楚简中明确的“荒”字皆借用“巟”“忘”“亡”等字为之，从不用“康”。简文“康”就用为本字，即“康”字常训“康乐”之“康”。《清华大学藏战国竹简》（陆）《郑文公问太伯》（乙本）有“孚淫</span><img _height="16" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130626233002.jpg" alt="" width="16" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">（媱）于康”的话，“康”字用法相同。“淫湎康”就是“淫</span><img _height="18" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130626447003.jpg" alt="" width="18" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">（媱）于康”。典籍中有“淫昏康乐”（《说苑·权谋》）“弋猎淫康”（《史记·三王世家》《史记·李斯列传》）“沉湎淫康”（《淮南子·泰族》）“日康娱以淫游”（《楚辞·离骚》）的说法，其中《淮南子》的“沉湎淫康”跟上引116——117简的“淫湎康”只差一字，极为接近，可资比较。</span></font></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt" size="6" face="宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">    又整理者将简120——121中的“</span><img _height="15" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130626595004.jpg" alt="" width="16" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”读为“愎”亦不妥，楚简中有“孚”读为“愎”的例子，似尚未见“</span><img _height="14" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130627622005.jpg" alt="" width="15" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”读为“愎”之例。楚简中的“</span><img _height="15" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130627823006.jpg" alt="" width="15" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”就是“復”字，简文中的“</span><img _height="17" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130627050007.jpg" alt="" width="18" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">”也应一样用为“復”，且“愎”与“康”实在无法搭配，甚为不词。所以简文的“启，乃自则乃身，弗可復康”就是“三不违”告诫启要以身作则，不要再耽于康乐的意思。上博藏楚简伍《三德》篇有“上帝弗京（谅），必</span><img _height="14" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130627747008.jpg" alt="" width="15" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">（復）之以康”的话，以往也将“康”读为“荒”，是不合适的。《三德》的“必</span><img _height="16" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130627672009.jpg" alt="" width="17" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">（復）之以康”中的“復之以康”也就是上论《三不违》简120——121的“</span><img _height="16" src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2022/12/01/20221201130628435010.jpg" alt="" width="17" border="0"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">（復）康”。</span></font></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><font style="font-size: 10.5pt" size="6" face="宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">    关于“启”曾耽于康乐，典籍有明确记载，《墨子·非乐上》说：“于武观曰：‘启乃淫溢康乐，野于饮食，将将铭，苋磬以力，湛浊于酒，渝食于野，万舞翼翼，章闻于天，天用弗式。’故上者天鬼弗戒，下者万民弗利。”文中说启“淫溢康乐”，正可与简文的“弗可復康”对观。</span></font></div>
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