談五一廣場東漢簡牘中的“蓳毒”
<p style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">五一廣場東漢簡牘中五見</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">蓳毒</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">一语：</span></span></p><span style="font-size: 14pt;">
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:24.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1、……□其日中□時昭持柘弩一張、</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2021/11/06/20211106225635521001.jpg" width="14" height="15"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">毒矢……</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:204.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">一二二五</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> 竹簡
2010CWJ1③：264—379</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:24.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">2、</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">絕革，凡創十四所，林以拒辜立物故，貞辟則不問，即怗閒等證</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "微软雅黑", sans-serif; color: black;">•</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">案拒挾（挾）</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2021/11/06/20211106225635517002.jpg" width="14" height="15"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">毒刃賊殺人，發覺，持犯法兵亡。賁謹已劾，盡力廣布耳目陰微，推起逐捕，拒喻</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">曉……</span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:204.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">一一九</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> 木兩行2010CWJ1③：264—273</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:24.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">3、</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">月不處日，寵於市從不處姓名男子市</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2021/11/06/20211106225635521001.jpg" width="14" height="15"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">毒一兩，兩直（值）錢卅五，傅矢三界。寵出入之田野(？)，常俠（挾）持以備虎狼。會丙午赦令赦，後寵俗俠（挾）持漢從父子泓前給事縣侍府……</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:84.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">四四二五+一○八○</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> 木兩行2010CWJ1③：285—386+264—234</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:24.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">4</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">、</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">料(？)已具狀，會赦，不自改新，而父子復盜光猪、芻禾，盜臧皆五百以上，澹亡，埳挾（挾）</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2021/11/06/20211106225635246003.jpg" width="14" height="15"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">毒即敏光等，證盡力捕澹，必得。正處復言鄷伉純職事，無狀惶恐，叩頭死罪死罪敢言之。</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:'Calibri',sans-serif;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:204.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">九三七</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> 木兩行2010CWJ1③：264—91</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:24.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">5、</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">月時米粟候誧皆受不雇直，受所監臧并二千二百，凡臧一萬三千七百。案斗俠（挾）</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2021/11/06/20211106225635246003.jpg" width="14" height="15"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">毒射傷人。對殺人亡，後爲不知何人所殺。何人賊殺人亡，輒與平法掾……</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:216.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">六六七 木兩行2010CWJ1③:263-17</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:24.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">6、</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2021/11/06/20211106225635958004.jpg" width="14" height="15"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">毒二分</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:'Calibri',sans-serif;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">四七五 楬</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">2010CWJ1</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">③：</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">226-2 B</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">面</span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:24.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; text-align: left;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">另有一條簡文作：</span></p>
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text-autospace:none" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">7</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">、</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">……十枚，桶蒭十五枚，</span><span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2021/11/06/20211106225635834005.jpg" width="16" height="17"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">□…… </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">二六二</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">削衣</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">2010CWJ1</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">③</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">:71-31</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; text-align: left;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">懷疑</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">蓳</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">字後也是</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">毒</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">字，或與</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">蓳毒</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">有關。</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 24pt;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">還有如下一條簡文：</span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:24.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">8</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">、</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">隆等詭課孝，逐捕應。其月十六日，孝見應在勹山中，孝詣隆，告隆將孝、競武等俱掩捕應，應以所持弓</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">毒</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">矢射隆、孝，穿衣，復射傷武右肩，創一所，隆射應左脾左……</span></p>
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color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">六四三+六八五 木兩行2010CWJ1③:261-134+263-35</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 132pt;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; text-align: left;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">文中的“毒矢”很可能也是指涂了“蓳毒”的箭。</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">    上引简文中的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size:
12.0pt;color:black;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2021/11/06/20211106225635295006.jpg" style="vertical-align:middle;" width="14" height="15"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">字整理者的隸定雖然沒錯，但是其實可以直接釋為</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">堇</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">，讀為</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">蓳</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">蓳</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">楷定或作</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">菫</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">蓳</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在簡文中指</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">烏頭</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">而言。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">烏頭</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">为毛莨科植物，多年生草本，有毒。烏頭的有毒成分是烏頭鹼，學名二萜類生物鹼。一般人口服純烏頭鹼</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">0.2mg </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">即可中毒，</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">～</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">5mg </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">即可致死。誤服烏頭會導致心肌麻痹，同時也損害心臟周圍神經功能，表現症狀是</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">唇、舌、臉、四肢麻木</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">，伴隨著</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">流涎、嘔吐、煩躁、心慌、心率減慢或心動過速、膚冷、血壓下降、早期瞳孔縮小</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">、後期放大</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">、肌肉強直、呼吸痙攣直至窒息而死亡。因此</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">烏頭被《中國藥典》列為“大毒”之品，民間稱為中國古代</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">五大毒藥</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">或</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">九大毒藥</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">之一。古代常用烏頭來泡製毒箭，《北史·匈奴</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">宇文莫廆傳</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">》載匈奴有</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">秋收烏頭為毒藥，以射禽獸</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”的習俗。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">《神農本草經》謂：“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">烏頭味辛溫，有毒。主治中風、惡風、洗洗出汗，除寒濕痹，咳逆上氣，破積聚寒熱。其汁煎之名射罔，殺禽獸。一名奚毒，一名即子，一名烏喙。生山谷。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”所謂“射罔”一名就來自其汁可泡製毒箭。小說《三國演義》七十五回“關雲長刮骨療毒
呂子明白衣渡江”中描寫關羽中了毒箭，華佗為他療傷時說：</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">“‘此乃弩箭所傷，其中有烏頭之藥，直透入骨；若不早治，此臂無用矣。’”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">烏頭除了可以泡製毒箭，當然也可以用於毒殺人，</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">《</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">國語·晉語二》：“驪姬受福，乃寘鴆於酒，寘蓳於肉。”韋昭注：“蓳，烏頭也。”就是大家最熟悉的例子。直到今天，利用烏頭殺人的案件還時有發生。</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">    “</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">蓳毒</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">還見於張家山漢簡：</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 等线; line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;">        9</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">、</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">有挾毒矢若謹（蓳）毒、</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 宋体-方正超大字符集;">𥼂</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">（</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 宋体-方正超大字符集;">𧄝</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">）</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">，及和爲謹（蓳）毒者，皆棄市。</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 等线; line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">                                                             張</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">家山漢簡</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">二</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">18</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">張家山漢簡另有如下一條：</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 等线; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;">        10</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "微软雅黑", sans-serif;">、</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">軍吏、緣邊縣道，得和爲毒，毒矢謹臧（藏）。</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 等线; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">                                                             張</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">家山漢簡</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">二</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">19</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">其中提到的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">毒矢</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">，應該也是用</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">蓳毒</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">泡製而成的毒箭。</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">  從上引五一廣場東漢簡和張家山漢簡有關</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">蓳毒</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">的記載可知，當時用</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">蓳毒</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">泡製毒箭似乎是很常見的現象，官方武裝也常常使用</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">蓳毒</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">泡製的箭，因而才會有要求小心保管的記錄。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">蓳毒</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">除了泡製毒箭，還可以用於塗在刀劍一類的兵器上，上引五一廣場東漢簡</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">2</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">的“蓳毒刃”就是指此。用“蓳毒”泡製的毒箭，不光可用於射殺人，也可以用來射殺動物，這一點從上引五一廣場東漢簡</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">3</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">可以看出。從五一廣場東漢簡還可得知當時的“蓳毒”應為禁止買賣的違禁品，黑市價格為一兩三十五錢，似乎很便宜。以上這些都是研究漢代歷史的珍貴史料，值得重視。</span>
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