談五一廣場東漢簡牘中的“蓳毒”
<p style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">五一廣場東漢簡牘中五見</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">蓳毒</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">一语:</span></span></p><span style="font-size: 14pt;">
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:24.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1、……□其日中□時昭持柘弩一張、</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2021/11/06/20211106225635521001.jpg" width="14" height="15"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">毒矢……</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:204.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">一二二五</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> 竹簡
2010CWJ1③:264—379</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:24.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">2、</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">絕革,凡創十四所,林以拒辜立物故,貞辟則不問,即怗閒等證</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "微软雅黑", sans-serif; color: black;">•</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">案拒挾(挾)</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2021/11/06/20211106225635517002.jpg" width="14" height="15"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">毒刃賊殺人,發覺,持犯法兵亡。賁謹已劾,盡力廣布耳目陰微,推起逐捕,拒喻</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">曉……</span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:204.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">一一九</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> 木兩行2010CWJ1③:264—273</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:24.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">3、</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">月不處日,寵於市從不處姓名男子市</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2021/11/06/20211106225635521001.jpg" width="14" height="15"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">毒一兩,兩直(值)錢卅五,傅矢三界。寵出入之田野(?),常俠(挾)持以備虎狼。會丙午赦令赦,後寵俗俠(挾)持漢從父子泓前給事縣侍府……</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:84.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">四四二五+一○八○</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> 木兩行2010CWJ1③:285—386+264—234</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:24.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">4</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">、</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">料(?)已具狀,會赦,不自改新,而父子復盜光猪、芻禾,盜臧皆五百以上,澹亡,埳挾(挾)</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2021/11/06/20211106225635246003.jpg" width="14" height="15"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">毒即敏光等,證盡力捕澹,必得。正處復言鄷伉純職事,無狀惶恐,叩頭死罪死罪敢言之。</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:'Calibri',sans-serif;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:204.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">九三七</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> 木兩行2010CWJ1③:264—91</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:24.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">5、</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">月時米粟候誧皆受不雇直,受所監臧并二千二百,凡臧一萬三千七百。案斗俠(挾)</span><span style="position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2021/11/06/20211106225635246003.jpg" width="14" height="15"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">毒射傷人。對殺人亡,後爲不知何人所殺。何人賊殺人亡,輒與平法掾……</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:216.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">六六七 木兩行2010CWJ1③:263-17</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:24.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">6、</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2021/11/06/20211106225635958004.jpg" width="14" height="15"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">毒二分</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:'Calibri',sans-serif;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">四七五 楬</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">2010CWJ1</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">③:</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">226-2 B</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">面</span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:24.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; text-align: left;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">另有一條簡文作:</span></p>
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12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312;color:black;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2021/11/06/20211106225635834005.jpg" width="16" height="17"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">□…… </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">二六二</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体,楷体_GB2312"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">削衣</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">2010CWJ1</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">③</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">:71-31</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; text-align: left;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">懷疑</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">蓳</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">字後也是</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">毒</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">字,或與</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">蓳毒</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">有關。</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 24pt;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">還有如下一條簡文:</span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线;text-align:left;text-indent:24.0pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">8</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">、</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">隆等詭課孝,逐捕應。其月十六日,孝見應在勹山中,孝詣隆,告隆將孝、競武等俱掩捕應,應以所持弓</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">毒</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312; color: black;">矢射隆、孝,穿衣,復射傷武右肩,創一所,隆射應左脾左……</span></p>
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color:black"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">六四三+六八五 木兩行2010CWJ1③:261-134+263-35</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; text-align: left;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">文中的“毒矢”很可能也是指涂了“蓳毒”的箭。</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">    上引简文中的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size:
12.0pt;color:black;position:relative;top:2.0pt"><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2021/11/06/20211106225635295006.jpg" style="vertical-align:middle;" width="14" height="15"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">字整理者的隸定雖然沒錯,但是其實可以直接釋為</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">堇</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,讀為</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">蓳</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">蓳</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">楷定或作</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">菫</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">蓳</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">在簡文中指</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">烏頭</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">而言。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">烏頭</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">为毛莨科植物,多年生草本,有毒。烏頭的有毒成分是烏頭鹼,學名二萜類生物鹼。一般人口服純烏頭鹼</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">0.2mg </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">即可中毒,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">~</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">5mg </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">即可致死。誤服烏頭會導致心肌麻痹,同時也損害心臟周圍神經功能,表現症狀是</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">唇、舌、臉、四肢麻木</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,伴隨著</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">流涎、嘔吐、煩躁、心慌、心率減慢或心動過速、膚冷、血壓下降、早期瞳孔縮小</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">、後期放大</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">、肌肉強直、呼吸痙攣直至窒息而死亡。因此</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">烏頭被《中國藥典》列為“大毒”之品,民間稱為中國古代</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">五大毒藥</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">或</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">九大毒藥</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">之一。古代常用烏頭來泡製毒箭,《北史·匈奴</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">宇文莫廆傳</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">》載匈奴有</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">秋收烏頭為毒藥,以射禽獸</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”的習俗。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">《神農本草經》謂:“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">烏頭味辛溫,有毒。主治中風、惡風、洗洗出汗,除寒濕痹,咳逆上氣,破積聚寒熱。其汁煎之名射罔,殺禽獸。一名奚毒,一名即子,一名烏喙。生山谷。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”所謂“射罔”一名就來自其汁可泡製毒箭。小說《三國演義》七十五回“關雲長刮骨療毒
呂子明白衣渡江”中描寫關羽中了毒箭,華佗為他療傷時說:</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">“‘此乃弩箭所傷,其中有烏頭之藥,直透入骨;若不早治,此臂無用矣。’”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">烏頭除了可以泡製毒箭,當然也可以用於毒殺人,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">《</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">國語·晉語二》:“驪姬受福,乃寘鴆於酒,寘蓳於肉。”韋昭注:“蓳,烏頭也。”就是大家最熟悉的例子。直到今天,利用烏頭殺人的案件還時有發生。</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">    “</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">蓳毒</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">還見於張家山漢簡:</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 等线; line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;">        9</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">、</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">有挾毒矢若謹(蓳)毒、</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 宋体-方正超大字符集;">𥼂</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 宋体-方正超大字符集;">𧄝</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">,及和爲謹(蓳)毒者,皆棄市。</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 等线; line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">                                                             張</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">家山漢簡</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">二</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">18</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 1.5;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">張家山漢簡另有如下一條:</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 等线; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;">        10</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "微软雅黑", sans-serif;">、</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">軍吏、緣邊縣道,得和爲毒,毒矢謹臧(藏)。</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 等线; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">                                                             張</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">家山漢簡</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">二</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312;">19</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">其中提到的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">毒矢</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">,應該也是用</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">蓳毒</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">泡製而成的毒箭。</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">  從上引五一廣場東漢簡和張家山漢簡有關</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">蓳毒</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">的記載可知,當時用</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">蓳毒</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">泡製毒箭似乎是很常見的現象,官方武裝也常常使用</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">蓳毒</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">泡製的箭,因而才會有要求小心保管的記錄。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">蓳毒</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">”</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">除了泡製毒箭,還可以用於塗在刀劍一類的兵器上,上引五一廣場東漢簡</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">2</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">的“蓳毒刃”就是指此。用“蓳毒”泡製的毒箭,不光可用於射殺人,也可以用來射殺動物,這一點從上引五一廣場東漢簡</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">3</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">可以看出。從五一廣場東漢簡還可得知當時的“蓳毒”應為禁止買賣的違禁品,黑市價格為一兩三十五錢,似乎很便宜。以上這些都是研究漢代歷史的珍貴史料,值得重視。</span>
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