胡家草場西漢簡牘研讀
<div><font face="宋体"> 《荊州胡家草場西漢簡牘選釋》“簿記”部分有如下簡文:</font> <br></div>
<div><font face="宋体"> </font><font face="楷体,楷体_GB2312">出千八百七十五,買繡二丈五尺,尺七十五。 <br>
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<div><font face="楷体,楷体_GB2312"> 出錢二百<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="" style="max-width:400px" border="0">,買绛一匹,尺卅二。 <br>
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<div><font face="楷体,楷体_GB2312"> 出百八十,買編徑(經)履一兩,長尺。 </font><font face="楷体,楷体_GB2312"><br>
出<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="" style="max-width:400px" border="0">,買偏(編)諸。</font> <font face="楷体,楷体_GB2312"><font face="宋体"><br>
按將“偏”括註為“編”似不必。“偏諸”即絛。《說文解字·糸部》“絛”:“扁緒也。”《說文段註》:“《廣雅》作‘編緒’,《漢書》及賈生《新書》作‘偏諸’,蓋上字作‘編’,下字作‘諸’為是。‘諸’者謂合眾采也。《賈誼傳》曰:‘今民賣僮者為之繡衣絲履偏諸緣。’服虔曰:‘偏諸如牙條,以作履緣。又曰縠之表,薄紈之裏,緁以偏諸。’晉灼曰:‘以偏諸緁著衣。然則偏諸之爲絛明矣。’” <br>
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<div><font face="楷体,楷体_GB2312"><font face="宋体"> 由上引諸文可見“偏諸”之“偏”到底應如段玉裁所言讀為“編”,還是應因“偏諸”的形態而如《說文》讀為“扁”,還難以確定;“諸”字應如段玉裁讀為“諸”,還是應如《說文》讀為“緒”,似乎也並不能確認,所以還是保持原形作“偏諸”為好。 <br>
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<div><font face="楷体,楷体_GB2312"><font face="宋体"> 《賈誼傳》說“偏諸”是做“履緣”的,上揭簡文“買繡”“買绛”“買履”與“買偏諸”並言,跟《賈誼傳》的記載正相合。</font>
</font></div> <div><font style="font-size: 12pt" face="宋体"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">《荊州胡家草場西漢簡牘選釋》“雜方”部分有一段說:</span></font><font face="宋体"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">
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<div><font face="楷体, 楷体_GB2312"> 廿三 以正月取兔鲐(胎)、五月望去就,陰乾,臧(藏),為東鄉(嚮)竈,而置新赤瓦磿(㽁)上,候月蝕,兩手奉二物鄉 (嚮)月,禹步三,三曰:</font> <br>
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<div><font style="font-size: 12pt" face="宋体"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">釋文將“鲐”括註為“胎”沒有道理,“兔胎”不知所指,典籍中也不見“兔胎”的稱呼。雖然暫時還不知道“鲐”在這裡應讀為什麼字,但是“兔鲐”在這裡應該是指“兔屎”而言。《備急千金要方》載“治男女陰蝕略盡方”有將“蝦蟆”和“兔屎”二味藥“等分為末以傅瘡上”之方,《本草綱目》卷四在治“月蝕”方和治“陰疳”方中,分別提到“兔屎入蛤蟆腹中,煆研”和“蛤蟆灰,同兔屎”的方法,《外臺秘要方》卷三十四有“蝦蟆兔屎等分,末,傅之良”之方,《醫方類聚》卷二百三十五“治陰瘡”下引張文仲方有“蝦䗫、兔屎並燒為末,傅瘡”一方,《普濟方》卷二百七十六“月蝕瘡”下有“蝦蟆</span><font size="2" color="DeepSkyBlue">一枚自死者,</font><span style="font-size: 14pt;">兔屎</span><font size="2" color="DeepSkyBlue">月望夜取,</font><span style="font-size: 14pt;">右破蝦蟆腹,內兔屎滿合定,於炭內燒過,細研為末,塗傅瘡上,日三五度” 之方。上引諸醫書中治療“月蝕”“陰蝕”“陰瘡”等病時,都有“蛤蟆”和“兔屎”並用的記載,這一點與上引胡家草場簡文相合,尤其是簡文提到“月望”,上引《普濟方》也提到“月望”,簡文提到“月蝕”,而此方治療的正是“月蝕”,可見是用諧音方法的祝由術。由此也可知這一“雜方”正是治療“月蝕”“陰蝕”“陰瘡”等病的祝由方。</span></font></div> <div><font style="font-size: 14pt" size="5" face="宋体">《荊州胡家草場西漢簡牘選釋》“病水”條有如下簡文:</font><font size="5" face="宋体">
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</font></div><div><font face="楷体, 楷体_GB2312"> <font size="4">病水:腹盈大,胻腫,臥則面腫,不臥面腫愈,得之饑渴而暴飮。治之,取桑根白皮,析令如筆管,三圍束一,長尺,漬以水,瀐(浹)止,卒(晬)時浚水盡,熟搗而以布繳(絞),盡取汁以飮病者,壯者盈一衷(中)杯,老及□盈</font></font><font size="4">
<font style="font-size: 14pt"> </font></font></div><div><font style="font-size: 14pt" size="5" face="宋体">按“瀐”字括註為“浹”非是。“瀐”為“浸漬”的意思,用在這裡正合適,讀為“浹”反倒不好。另外讀“卒”為“晬”也不對,“卒時”在典籍中指一個相當長的時段,有時指“三個月”,在這裡應該用為“盡時”的意思,《全晉文》卷八十五張協《七命》中有“乐以忘戚,游以卒时穷夜为日,毕岁为期”的句子,“卒時”就是用夠時間、用足時間的意思。因為“桑根”很硬,桑根上的皮如果要浸泡,一定需要較長的時間才能泡軟,也才能用於舂搗。另“瀐止,卒時浚水盡”一句之間的逗號應該移到“時”字後,“瀐止卒時”,是說對桑根白皮的“浸泡要止於時間用足用夠”。</font></div>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;text-indent:21.0pt;line-height:1.5;vertical-align:
middle"><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:1.5">胡家草場《醫雜方》簡<span>169-170</span>有:</span></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:21.0pt;line-height:1.5;vertical-align:middle"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:1.5">道(導)【<span>957</span>】搰(踝)到足,炙桑炭靡(摩)之。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;line-height:1.5;vertical-align:middle"><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:1.5">周波先生《胡家草場西漢簡牘研讀(續)》認爲:</span></span></p>
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12.0pt;line-height:1.5">原釋文讀<span>“</span>道<span>”</span>為<span>“</span>導<span>”</span>,似不確。這裡應如字讀。<span>“</span>道<span>”</span>,從也。<span>“</span>道踝到足<span>”</span>,即按照從腳踝到足的順序。</span></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;line-height:1.5;vertical-align:middle"><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:1.5">按周波先生之說可從。馬王堆帛書《五十二病方》中即有“道頭始”(46“嬰兒索痙”)“浴之道頭上始”(<span>49 </span>“嬰兒病閒(癇)方”)。</span></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;line-height:1.5;vertical-align:middle"><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:1.5">此句“</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:1.5">搰”破讀爲“踝”,在讀音和文義上似均不是很合適。疑此字即“骭”字異體。馬王堆帛書《陰陽十一脈灸經乙本》<span>4</span>有“骭”字作:“<b><span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2021/11/17/20211117141410591001.png" style="vertical-align:middle;" width="38" height="52"></span></b>”正與胡家草場此“<b><span><img src="/forum2/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2021/11/17/20211117141411716002.png" style="vertical-align:middle;" width="49" height="54"></span></b>”字相類。“骭”指脛骨,見於張家山漢簡《脈書》、馬王堆帛書《陰陽十一脈灸經》甲、乙本。此處言“道骭到足”,應當是指從脛骨到足,而不是從踝到足。</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;line-height:1.5;vertical-align:middle"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:1.5">馬王堆帛書、張家山漢簡中有“陽明脈”,此脈“繫于骭骨外廉,循骭骨而上,穿髕……”(釋文用寬式),並說其“病寒”、“喜伸”,產病有“膝足痿痹”等等,均與本方開頭所描述的病徵有相類之處。</span></p>
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